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Understanding Waves and Sound: An Introduction to the Physics of Wave Phenomena

Explore the fundamental concepts of waves and sound in this chapter. Learn about longitudinal and transverse waves, wave properties such as frequency and wavelength, and the nature of sound waves. Delve into topics like wave speed, sound intensity, decibels, the Doppler effect, and the sensitivity of the human ear. Discover the interaction between wave energy and sound perception, and gain insights into the fascinating physics behind wave behavior and auditory sensation.

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Understanding Waves and Sound: An Introduction to the Physics of Wave Phenomena

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  1. Chapter 16 – Waves and Sound

  2. 16.1 – The Nature of Waves A wave is a traveling disturbance that carries energy. Longitudinal Wave – disturbance is // to wave direction (compression); sound. Transverse Wave – disturbance is ┴ to wave direction (up and down); light, vibrating strings.

  3. 16.2 – Periodic Waves Period (T) - time required for 1 cycle (sec) Frequency (f)- number of waves per unit time (Hertz or Hz) Wavelength (λ) - length of the wave (m) Amplitude (A) – max. displacement during a cycle (m)

  4. The speed of a wave (v) is determined by dividing the wavelength by its period. Remember that

  5. 16.3 – SKIP 16.4 – SKIP 16.5 – The Nature of Sound Sound – L-wave created by a vibrating object; needs a medium (solid, liquid, gas) for the disturbance to travel.

  6. Sound is NOT a mass movement of air, the air molecules are in SHM

  7. 16.6 – SKIP 16.7 – Sound Intensity Sound waves carry energy that can do work. POWER = Energy/Time [Joule/sec] = [Watt] Sound Intensity (I) – Power/Area [Watt/m2] Threshold of hearing = 10-12 W/m2

  8. 16.8 – Decibels (dB) The ear responds to sound in a logarithmic way. Intensity Level (β) – compares sound intensity to a reference level; logarithmic ratio.

  9. A 1-dB change in intensity level is smallest change noticeable by humans. When intensity level increases by 10 dB, the new sound seems ~ 2X louder. Ex. 70 dB is twice as loud as 60 dB. REVIEW of TERMS… Power – [Watt], Intensity – [Watt/m2] Intensity Level – [dB], Loudness - subjective

  10. ASSIGN: Chapter 16 # 8, 51, 63, 66; Page 489 Due Do your homework, kid

  11. 16.9 – The Doppler Effect The observed frequency (pitch) of a sound increases as the sound comes closer; lowers as sound moves away.

  12. 16.9 – The Doppler Effect

  13. 16.10 – SKIP 16.12 – SKIP

  14. 16.11 – The Sensitivity of the Human Ear The ear can respond to sounds within the 20 to 20 kHz range. The ear is most sensitive to sounds b/w 1-5 kHz Most alarms (and screams) are near the 1-5 kHz range. Did human speech evolve to match the frequency band the ear is most sensitive to OR did the ear evolve to be sensitive to the frequency band humans mostly speak at – OR is it all just a coincidence???

  15. Fletcher-Munson Curve

  16. dBA – weighted dB scale that approximates human sensitivity to different frequencies.

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