The Civil Rights Movement: Gains, Strategies, and Challenges

1. Splash Screen

2. Chapter Introduction Section 1:The Movement Begins Section 2:Challenging Segregation Section 3:New Civil Rights Issues Visual Summary Chapter Menu

3. What Causes Societies to Change? The civil rights movement gained momentum rapidly after World War II. Decisions by the Supreme Court combined with massive protests by civil rights groups and new federal legislation to finally end racial segregation and disfranchisement in the United States more than 70 years after Southern states had put it in place. • Why do you think the civil rights movement made gains in postwar America? What strategies were most effective in winning the battle for civil rights? Chapter Intro

4. Chapter Timeline

5. Chapter Timeline

6. The Movement Begins How might people work to bring about social change in a democracy? Chapter Intro 1

7. Challenging Segregation What effect do you think young people can have on the political system? Chapter Intro 2

8. New Civil Rights Issues How do you think people might respond when their hopes for change are not realized? Chapter Intro 3

9. Chapter Preview-End

10. Big Ideas Struggles for RightsIn the 1950s, African Americans began a movement to win greater legal and social equality. Section 1-Main Idea

11. Content Vocabulary • “separate but equal” • de facto segregation • sit-in Academic Vocabulary • facility Section 1-Key Terms

12. People and Events to Identify • Rosa Parks • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) • Thurgood Marshall • Linda Brown • Martin Luther King, Jr. • Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Section 1-Key Terms

13. A B When necessary, should the military be used to enforce Supreme Court decisions? A. Yes B. No Section 1-Polling Question

14. The Origins of the Movement African Americans won court victories, increased their voting power, and began using “sit-ins” to desegregate public places. Section 1

15. The Origins of the Movement(cont.) • On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parkswas arrested forrefusing to give her seat on a bus to a white man. • E. D. Nixon, a former president of the local chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP),asked for permission from Parks to take the case to court. Section 1

16. The Origins of the Movement(cont.) • The struggle would not be easy because of the “separate but equal”doctrine established in the Plessy v. Ferguson case in 1896. • Areas without laws requiring segregation often had de facto segregation. Section 1

17. The Origins of the Movement(cont.) • African Americans had decided the time had come to demand equal rights. • Over the years, the NAACP had achieved some victories in the fight to overturn segregation. • African Americans also enjoyed increased political power after migrating to Northern cities where they could vote. The NAACP’s Legal Strategy in Action Section 1

18. The Origins of the Movement(cont.) • In Chicago in 1942, James Farmer and George Houser founded the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). • CORE began using sit-insto end segregation. • From 1939 to 1961, the NAACP’s chief counsel and director of its Legal Defense and Education Fund was the brilliant African American attorney Thurgood Marshall. Section 1

19. The Origins of the Movement(cont.) • On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously in Brownv. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional and violated the Fourteenth Amendment. • The Supreme Court’s decision angered many white Southerners, who became even more determined to defend segregation. Section 1

20. The Origins of the Movement(cont.) • Not until 1969 did the Supreme Court order all school systems to desegregate “at once” and operate integrated school “now and hereafter.” Section 1

21. A B C D Brown v. Board of Educationmarked a reversal of which other Supreme Court decision? A.Plessy v. Ferguson B.Norris v. Alabama C.Morgan v. Virginia D.Reynolds v. Sims Section 1

22. The Civil Rights Movement Begins The Brown v. Board of Education ruling ignited protest and encouraged African Americans to challenge other forms of segregation. Section 1

23. The Civil Rights Movement Begins(cont.) • A 26-year old pastor named Martin Luther King, Jr., led the Montgomery bus boycott that began on the day Rosa Parks appeared in court. • He believed that the only moral way to end segregation and racism was through nonviolent passive resistance. Section 1

24. The Civil Rights Movement Begins(cont.) • In November 1956, the Supreme Court affirmed the decision of a special three-judge panel declaring Alabama’s laws requiring segregation on buses unconstitutional. • After the bus boycott demonstrated that nonviolent protest could be successful, African American ministers led by King established the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957. Section 1

25. A B C D The bus boycott could not have succeeded without the support of what else? A.Taxis B.African American churches C.The U.S. government D.Sit-ins Section 1

26. Eisenhower Responds President Eisenhower sent the U.S. Army to enforce integration in Arkansas. Section 1

27. Eisenhower Responds(cont.) • The governor of Arkansas, Orval Faubus, ordered troops from the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine African American students from entering a public high school. • Violence resulting from an angry white mob convinced Eisenhower to send Army troops to Little Rock. • He also federalized the Arkansas National Guard. Section 1

28. Eisenhower Responds(cont.) • The troops had to stay in Little Rock for the rest of the school year. • The Civil Rights Act of 1957—the first civil rights law since Reconstruction—was intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote. Section 1

29. Eisenhower Responds(cont.) • The final version was weaker than originally intended, but it still achieved the following: • It brought the power of the federal government into the civil rights debate. • It created a civil rights decision within the Department of Justice and gave it the authority to seek court injunctions against anyone interfering with the right to vote. • It created the United States Commission on Civil Rights. Section 1

30. A B C D Which method did Eisenhower believe would best end segregation? A.Time B.Protests C.Court rulings D.Military action Section 1

31. Section 1-End

32. Big Ideas Group ActionAfrican American citizens created organizations that directed protests to demand full civil rights. Section 2-Main Idea

33. Content Vocabulary • filibuster • cloture Academic Vocabulary • register Section 2-Key Terms

34. People and Events to Identify • Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) • Freedom Riders • James Meredith • Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Voting Rights Act of 1965 Section 2-Key Terms

35. A B Would you risk your safety in order to bring about change? A. Yes B. No Section 2-Polling Question

36. The Sit-in Movement African American students staged sit-ins and formed the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) to organize efforts for desegregation and voter registration throughout the South. Section 2

37. The Sit-in Movement(cont.) • In the fall of 1959, four college students, Joseph McNeil, Ezell Blair, Jr., David Richmond, and Franklin McCain, staged a sit-in at a whites-only lunch counter of a Woolworth’s department store. • By the end of the week, over 300 students were taking part, and by 1961 sit-ins had been held in more than 100 cities. The Civil Rights Movement, 1954–1965 Section 2

38. The Sit-in Movement(cont.) • Ella Baker, the executive director of the SCLC, helped college students establish the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee(SNCC). Section 2

39. A B C D The Voter Education Project, the brainchild of SNCC volunteer Robert Moses, helped African Americans who lived in the rural Deep South to accomplish which of the following? A.Join the NAACP B.Register to vote C.Attend school D.Learn about their civil rights Section 2

40. The Freedom Riders Teams of African Americans and whites rode buses into the South to protest the continued illegal segregation on interstate bus lines. Section 2

41. The Freedom Riders(cont.) • The Freedom Riderstraveled into the South to draw attention to its refusal to integrate bus terminals. • They were met with violence at the terminals, and President Kennedy felt compelled to get the violence under control. Section 2

42. The Freedom Riders(cont.) • Although Kennedy was unwilling to challenge Southern Democrats in Congress, he allowed the Justice Department, run by his brother Robert, to actively support the civil rights movement. • At the time the Freedom Riders took action, Kennedy was preparing for a meeting with Soviet Union leader Nikita Khrushchev and did not want violence in the South to disrupt the meeting by giving the impression that his country was weak and divided. Section 2

43. The Freedom Riders(cont.) • After his meeting, he ordered the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to tighten its regulations against segregated bus terminals. • Robert Kennedy ordered the Justice Department to take legal action against Southern cities that maintained segregated bus terminals. • By late 1962, segregation of interstate bus travel had come to an end. Section 2

44. The Freedom Riders(cont.) • On the day JFK was inaugurated, an African American air force veteran named James Meredith applied for a transfer to the University of Mississippi. • After Ross Barnett, the governor of Mississippi, blocked his path to registration, Kennedy ordered 500 federal marshals to escort him to the campus. Section 2

45. The Freedom Riders(cont.) • After a night of attacks on the marshals, Kennedy ordered the army to send several thousand troops to protect Meredith. • He graduated in August. Section 2

46. The Freedom Riders(cont.) • King decided that the only way to get President Kennedy to pass a new civil rights bill was to launch demonstrations in Birmingham, Alabama, knowing they would provoke a violent response. • His plan worked, and Kennedy ordered his aides to prepare a new civil rights bill. Section 2

47. A B C D Kennedy helped African Americans in all of the following ways EXCEPT by A.Naming approximately 40 African Americans to high-level positions in the government B.Appointing Thurgood Marshall to a federal judgeship C.Creating the Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity D.Actively promoting several civil rights laws Section 2

48. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 President Johnson used his political expertise to get the Civil Rights Act of 1964 passed. Section 2

49. The Civil Rights Act of 1964(cont.) • Dr. King realized that Kennedy would have a very difficult time pushing his civil rights bill through Congress. • He arranged a peaceful and dignified march on Washington that would build more public support. Section 2

50. The Civil Rights Act of 1964(cont.) • The bill faced a difficult time in the Senate, especially after JFK was assassinated. • President Johnson, however, committed himself wholeheartedly to getting the bill through Congress. • It easily passed the House of Representatives. • In June, after 87 days of filibuster, the Senate finally voted to end debate—four votes over the two-thirds needed for cloture. Section 2