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Non-farm income as % of rural households budgets. Africa: 30-50% (80-90% in Southern Africa) South Asia: 60 % (China: over 50% since 2004) Latin America: 40%. Transfers and remittances. Around 1/3 of annual incomes of poor landless rural households in India
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Non-farm income as % of rural households budgets • Africa: 30-50% (80-90% in Southern Africa) • South Asia: 60 % (China: over 50% since 2004) • Latin America: 40%
Transfers and remittances • Around 1/3 of annual incomes of poor landless rural households in India • In the poorer areas remittances – often in kind – are essential for food security • Remittances are primarily for consumption, but are also used for investment if circumstances are favourable
Types of mobility • Seasonal – often of the poorer groups (20 million in India) • Temporary – often to towns; large % of young women and men • Permanent – an important contributor to urbanization, but not the only one and often not the main one
Accommodating and supporting migration: policy issues • Protection: migrants’ rights to decent living and working conditions • Making the link between rural and urban areas • Reducing the poorer groups’ exposure to risk, including that from adaptation and mitigation infrastructure
