An Introduction to Exercise and Sport Physiology

1. Introduction • An Introduction • to Exercise • and Sport Physiology

2. INTRODUCTION Overview • Focus of exercise and sport physiology • Acute and chronic responses to exercise • The evolution of exercise physiology • Research: the foundation for understanding

3. Focus of Exerciseand Sport Physiology • Physiologyis the study of the function of organisms • Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment (continued)

4. Focus of Exerciseand Sport Physiology (continued) • Exercise physiology is the study of how body structure and function are altered by exposure to acute and chronic bouts of exercise • Environmental physiology is the study of the effects of the environment on the function of the body • Sport physiology is the application of the concepts of exercise physiology to training athletes and enhancing sport performance

5. Acute and Chronic Responsesto Exercise • Acute exercise is a single bout of exercise • Chronic adaptation is a physiological change that occurs when the body is exposed to repeated exercise bouts over weeks or months; these changes generally improve the body’s efficiency at rest and during exercise

6. The Evolution of Exercise Physiology: Early Exercise Physiologists • Archibald V. Hill • Nobel Prize winner (1921) • Studied energy metabolism in isolated frog muscle • Conducted first physiological studies on runners (continued)

7. The Evolution of Exercise Physiology: Early Exercise Physiologists (continued) • John S. Haldane • Developed methods of measuring oxygen use during exercise • Known for his work in human physiology and respiration

8. The Evolution of Exercise Physiology: The Harvard Fatigue Laboratory • Founded by biochemist Lawrence J. Henderson • Directed by David Bruce Dill (D.B. Dill) • Focused on the physiology of human movement and the effects of environmental stress on exercise • Most contemporary exercise physiologists can trace their roots back to the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory

9. The Harvard Fatigue Laboratory: Early Measurements • Collecting expired air in a sealed bag known as a Douglas bag (continued)

10. The Harvard Fatigue Laboratory: Early Measurements (continued) • A sample of the gas from the Douglas bag was measured for oxygen and carbon dioxide using a chemical gas analyzer

11. The Evolution of Exercise Physiology: Scandinavian Influence • Eric Hohwü-Christensen • Published important series of five research studies in the late 1930s on carbohydrate and fat metabolism • Per-Olof Åstrand • Conducted studies on physical fitness and endurance capacity during the 1950s and 1960s • Jonas Bergstrom • Reintroduced the biopsy needle in 1966 to study human muscle biochemistry

12. The Evolution of Exercise Physiology: Research Milestones • Peter Karpovich • Helped introduce physiology to physical activity • Thomas K. Cureton • Helped establish a rationale to use exercise to promote a healthy lifestyle • Elsworth Buskirk • Established The Laboratory for Human Performance Research in 1974

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14. The Evolution of Exercise Physiology: Contemporary Approaches • John Holloszy and Charles Tipton • Introduced biochemical approach to exercise physiology research • First to use rats and mice to study muscle metabolism and fatigue • Phil Gollnick • Studied individual muscle fiber characteristics and their responses to training in rats and humans

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16. The Evolution of Exercise Physiology: Women in Exercise Physiology • Birgitta Essen • Collaborated with Bengt Saltin and Phil Gollnick in publishing the earliest studies on muscle fiber types in human muscle • Karen Piehl • Among the first to demonstrate that the nervous system selectively recruits type I and type II fibers • Barbara Drinkwater • Among the first to address issues specifically related to the female athlete

17. Research: The Foundationfor Understanding

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19. Research Tools: Ergometers • Ergometers are used to measure physical work in standardized conditions • Treadmills and cycle ergometers are most commonly used

20. Research Designs • Longitudinal research tests the same subjects and compares results over time • Cross-sectional research collects data from a diverse population and compares groups in that population • Longitudinal studies are often more accurate than cross-sectional studies, but are time-consuming and expensive

21. Dose-Response RelationshipsCross-Sectional Study

22. Dose-Response RelationshipsLongitudinal Study

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24. Reading and Interpreting Tablesand Graphs • The title will identify what information is being presented • Units for each variable should be clearly presented • Graphs better illustrate • Trends in data • Response patterns • Comparisons of data between subject groups (continued)

25. Reading and Interpreting Tablesand Graphs(continued) • x-axis is the independent variable or factor that is controlled by the study design • y-axis is the dependent variable that will change depending on how the independent variable is manipulated

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