Supervised by : Dr.ASHRAF MAZKOR Done by : Mayada Ahmed al- masre 0801043

Supervised by :Dr.ASHRAF MAZKORDone by : Mayada Ahmed al-masre 0801043 ROUTING PROTOCOL

Presentation points • Routers and the routing table . • Routing Table (Router conf). • Static and Dynamic Routing • Routing protocols . • Routing protocols classification(Glossary) . • Interior gatway protocols (IGP) . • Distance vector protocols . • Linked state protocols and Routing Process • Exterior gateway protocols.

Routers and the routing table • A router : is a computer, which have many of the same HW and SW components that are found in other computers including : CPU, RAM , ROM , OS. • we can say the router is a computer with an OS and hardware designed for the routing process specialize in sending packets over the data network. • RAM is used to store these components: • IOS (Internetwork Operating System) . • Running Configuration File. • IP Routing Table. • Others...

Routing Table (router conf. ) • Used to store route information about directly : • A directly connected network. • A remote network . • Information about the networks : • network address and subnet mask • IP address of next-hop router. • The router interface. • Each router interface is a member of a different network . • Activated (no shutdown command ). • R1(config)#interface Serial0/0 • R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 • R1(config-if)#no shutdown

Static and Dynamic Routing

Routing protocols • Set of processes, algorithms, and messages that are used to exchange routing information and populate the routing table . • The purpose of a routing protocol : • Discovery of remote networks • Maintaining up-to-date routing information • Choosing the best path to destination networks • Operations of a dynamic routing protocol : • The router sends and receives routing messages on its interfaces. • The router shares routing messages and routing information with other routers that are using the same routing protocol. • Routers exchange routing information to learn about remote networks. • When a router detects a topology change the routing protocol can advertise this change to other routers.

Routing protocols classification Why , What , When

Some Glossary Autonomous System (AS) - known as a routing domain - is a collection of routers under a common administration. Convergence :when all routers' routing tables are at a state of consistency(network has converged when all routers have complete and accurate information about the network). wildcard-mask : is the inverse of the subnet mask.

Some Glossary • Administrative distance (AD) : is an integer value from 0 to 255. The lower the value the more preferred the route source • Metric : a value used by routing protocols to determine, which path or which routes are better than others (when multiple paths to the same remote network) • Hop count. (RIP, IGRP & EIGRP) • Bandwidth • Load balancing. • Delay . • Reliability . • Cost.

Routing protocols classification

Interior Gatway Protocols (IGP) • Distance vector protocols : router which use distance vector routing protocols knows 2 things: • Distance to final destination. • Vector, or direction, traffic should be directed. • Distance vector protocols properties : • Simple implementation and maintenance. • Low resource requirement. • Slow convergence . • Limited scalability . • Routing loop . • RIPv1, RIPv2, IGRP, and EIGRP

RIPv1, RIPv2

IGRP, and EIGRP

IGRP, and EIGRP Router(config )#router eigrp autonomous-system Router(config-router)#network network-address [wildcard-mask]

Interior Gatway Protocols (IGP) • Linked state protocols: (SPF,if not necessarily the path with the least number of hops) and the routers use a database to construct a topology map of the network. • Link :This is an interface on a router. • Link state : This is the information about the state of the links. • Builds Topological map and fast Convergence and Use of LSP . • Solution (LSA flooding ) Designated router (DR) : Router with the highest OSPF interface priority, and Backup designated router (BDR) • Router can independently determine the shortest path to every network . • Memory ,Processing and Bandwidth Requirements. • OSPF (Open Shortest Path First )and IS_IS().

Link-State(LS) Routing Process • Each routers learns about its own directly connected networks • LS routers exchange hello packet to “meet” other directly connected LS routers. • Each router builds its own Link State Packet (LSP) which includes information about neighbors such as neighbor ID, link type, & bandwidth. • After the LSP is created the router floods it to all neighbors who then store the information and then forward it until all routers have the same information. • Once all the routers have received all the LSPs, the routers then construct a topological map of the network which is used to determine the best routes to a destination

Link-State(LS) DB

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF ) R1(config)#router ospfprocess-id Router(config-router)#networknetwork-address wildcard-ask areaarea-id OSPF uses cost as the metric when cost =( 108 / bandwidth)

The Practical To Clarify

Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS_IS ) Metric : maximum path value (default), and three optional metrics (costs): delay, expense, and error. Packet Header Format: hello ,(LSPs), and (SNPs)

Exterior gateway protocols • protocols can routing between different AS, commonly used between hosts on the Internet to exchange routing table information which contain : • list of known routers. • addresses they can reach • Cost metric . • Packet format : message type. • Ex.:Border Gateway Protocol ( BGP)

Routing protocol (Under study(future work How migrating EIGRP to OSPF . OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing protocol) was used as a routing protocol and NRL Mobile Network Emulator (MNE) for dynamic topology control and manipulation. Multicast OSPF (MOSPF) was defined as an extension to the OSPF unicast routing protocol Protocol-Independent Multicast (PIM) works with all existing unicast routing protocols.

Conclusions • Static Routing: Minimal CPU processing, administrator to understand, Easy to configure and more secure. But Configuration and maintenance is time-consuming ,manual reconfiguration . • Dynamic (Interior And Exterior ) • Distance vector routing protocols : • routes are advertised as vectors of distance & direction. • incomplete view of network topology. • Generally, periodic updates. • Link state routing protocols : • complete view of network topology is created. • updates are not periodic. • Difficulty: All nodes need to have a consistent view of the network

Conclusions • Confusion about the terms routed protocol and routing protocol is common. • ROUTED PROTOCOLS are nothing more than data being transported across the networks. • ROUTING PROTOCOLS are the software that allow routers to dynamically advertise and learn routes. • According to the scale of network, you can select different protocol. • Some routing protocols are designed for use within an organization, while other routing protocols are designed for use between organizations.

Thank you ANY QUESTION

Supervised by : Dr.ASHRAF MAZKOR Done by : Mayada Ahmed al- masre 0801043