Welcome to CTEC 4343 Construction Safety & Health

1. Welcome to CTEC 4343 Construction Safety & Health Instructor: Lee Reynolds, Associate Professor Department of Engineering Technology Texas Tech University

2. Welcome to CTEC 4343 Construction Safety & Health Overview of Today’s Lecture • Administrative Matters • Website: http://129.118.86.167 • Office Schedule • User ID: ctec4343 • Password: et4343s07 • Key Sections of CTEC 4343 Website • Historical Perspective of Safety & Health

3. Student Learning Objectives • Know major events in the history of safety and health • Know labor contributions • List some safety and health organizations in existence today

5. Welcome to CTEC 4343 Construction Safety & Health Office and Class Schedule for Professor ReynoldsSpring Semester Office Location: ME 224AOffice Phone: 742-3539-Ext 233Email: howard.l.reynolds@ttu.edu

8. The concept of shared liability contributes to the following potential problems for construction companies: • Construction companies can find themselves named in a lawsuit filed by someone they do not even employ when the concept of shared liability is used to couple them with another company. • Courts often hold general contractors at least partially liable for the actions of their subcontractors, claiming that, if they did not know about unsafe conditions, they should have. • Construction companies that serve as general contractors are expected to exercise control over all aspects of a construction project and can be held liable. • The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) tends to hold all parties accountable (general contractors and subcontractors), even if they are not directly involved in a given violation

9. Welcome to CTEC 4343 Construction Safety & Health Major topics on the health and safety movement covered in this presentation: • Developments before the Industrial Revolution. • Milestones in the Safety Movement • Role of Organized Labor

10. Welcome to CTEC 4343 Construction Safety & Health • Development of Accident Prevention Programs • Development of Safety Organizations • Safety and Health Movement Today

11. Welcome to CTEC 4343 Construction Safety & Health • What is Occupational Safety and Health? • It is the discipline concerned with preserving and protecting human and capital resources in the workplace. • What does occupational safety and health mean to society and business?

12. Welcome to CTEC 4343 Construction Safety & Health • Economics • Moral • Legal

13. Historical Examination of Occupational Safety and Health • 2000 BC - Code of Hammurabi • Code of all laws of the land • Included clauses on personal losses

14. 400 BC - Greek and Roman Physicians • Noted concerns for individuals exposed to metals • 200 AD - Galen • Roman physician wrote about dangers of acid mists to copper miners

15. Historical Examination of Occupational Safety and Health • 1500 AD - Paracelsus • Studied miners diseases. His studies formed the basis of modern toxicology (study of poisons) “All things are poisonous and none inherently poisonous. Only a dose determines severity.”

16. Bernardo Ramazzini - Disease of Workers • Urged physicians to ask patients “What trade are you in?”

17. Historical Examination of Occupational Safety and Health • 1700 - Percival Pott • Observed the first occupational cancers • Scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps

18. 1700’s Industrial Revolution • Inanimate Power • Substitute Machines for people • New methods for converting raw materials • Division of labor • Frederick W. Taylor, The • Principles of Scientific • Management, 1911 • The Assembly line

19. Safety Laws • Factory inspections in MA. • Mining laws in PA. • Safeguarding for hazardous machines in MA.

20. Federal Safety and Health Acts • None Prior to 1970 • States had the responsibility for health and safety laws. • Laws were usually industry specific and inadequately funded • Injury and Illness rates were perceived as too high. • Pressure from Organized Labor

21. 30 Year Injury Rate

22. 70 Year Mortality Rate

23. Occupational Safety • More technology • More mechanization • Less labor • More service based business • What has changed in the last 50 years?

24. The Role Organized Labor and the Safety Movement • Helped to overturn several anti-labor laws relating to safety and health. • Fellow servant rule • Contributory negligence • Assumption of risk

25. Engineering Approach to Safety According to engineering theory, people, not unsafe conditions were the greatest cause of accidents.

26. Development of Formal Safety Programs • First Safety Program - Steel mills in PA. 1887 • Focus of programs on the 3 E’s of Safety • Engineering • Enforcement • Education

27. Development of Formal Safety Programs • 1867 Massachusetts introduces • factory inspection. • 1868 Patent awarded to first • barrier safeguard. • 1869 Pennsylvania passes law requiring • two exits from all mines and the Bureau • of Labor Statistics is formed.

28. Modern Milestones in the Safety Movement • 1877 Massachusetts passes law requiring safeguards on hazardous machines and the Employer’s Liability Law is passed. • 1892 First recorded safety program is established.

29. Modern Milestones in the Safety Movement 1907 Bureau of Mines created by U.S. Department of the Interior. 1908 Concept of Worker’s Compensation is introduced in the United States.

30. 1911 Wisconsin passed first effective worker’s compensation law in the U.S. and New Jersey becomes first state to uphold a worker’s compensation law.

31. Modern Milestones in the Safety Movement • 1912 First cooperative safety conference meets in Milwaukee. • 1913 National Council of Industrial Safety is formed. • 1915 National Council of Industrial Safety changes name to National Safety Council.

32. Modern Milestones in the Safety Movement 1916 Concept of negligent manufacture is established (product liability). 1936 National Silicosis Conference convened by U.S. Secretary of Labor.

33. 1965, Federal Metal and Non-Metallic Mine Safety Act. • 1965, Federal Coal Mine and Safety Act • 1965, Contact Workers and Safety standards Act

34. Modern Milestones in the Safety Movement • 1970 Occupational Health and Safety Act passes. • 1977 Federal Mine Safety Act passes.

35. 1986 Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act. • 1990 Amended Clean Air Act of 1970. • 1996 Introduction of Total Safety Management (TSM) concept.

36. Summary • Remaining Slides list organizations concerned with safety and health • Your vocation will interface you with one of the more hazardous environments

37. ProfessionalOrganizations Concerned with Workplace Safety Alliance for American Insurers American Board of Industrial Hygiene American Council of Government Industrial Hygienists

38. ProfessionalOrganizations Concerned with Workplace Safety • American Industrial Hygiene Association • American Insurance Association • American National Standards Institute

39. ProfessionalOrganizations Concerned with Workplace Safety • American Occupational Medical Association • American Society of Safety Engineers • American Society of Mechanical Engineers

40. American Society of Safety Engineers • American Society for Testing and Materials • Chemical Transportation Emergency Center • Human Factors Society

41. ProfessionalOrganizations Concerned with Workplace Safety • National Fire Protection Association • National Safety Council • National Safety Management Society • Society of Automotive Engineers

42. System Safety Society • Underwriters Laboratory

43. ProfessionalOrganizations Concerned with Workplace Safety • American Public Health Association • Bureau of Labor Statistics • Bureau of National Affairs • Commerce Clearing House • Environmental Protection Agency

44. ProfessionalOrganizations Concerned with Workplace Safety • National Institute of Standards and technology (formerly national Bureau of Standards) • National Institutes of Occupational Safety and Health

45. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) • Superintendent of Document, U.S. Government Printing Office • U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission.

46. Accident Prevention Six Reasons for preventing accidents and occupational illnesses: • Needless destruction of life and health morally unjustified. • Failure to take necessary precautions against accidents and illnesses morally wrong. • Severely limit efficiency and productivity.

47. Accident Prevention • Far reaching social harm. • Safety movement demonstrated its techniques effective. • State and federal laws mandate responsibility.

48. Summary Statements • Safety and Health long history dating back to Egyptian pharaohs and Hammurabi code. • U.S. milestones include 1st recorded safety program, Creation of Bureau of Mines, passage of 1st effective worker’s compensation law,OSHA law.

49. Work of unions to overturn anti-labor laws. • Specific health problems of miners’ diseases, mercury poisoning, and asbestos.

50. Summary Statements • widely used accident prevention techniques. • Development of safety organizations. • Today’s characterization of integration and professionalism.