Outline

1. Advancing Cassava Improvement Using Molecular Tools and Participatory Techniques in GhanaElizabeth Parkes, CSIR-CRIFirst Scientific Meeting of the Global Cassava Partnership GCP-1, 21-25 July, 2008,Ghent, Belgium“Cassava: meeting the challengesof the new Millennium”

2. Outline • Importance and History of Cassava Improvement in Ghana • Breeding Approaches over the years in Ghana and Achievements • Modern Trends in Breeding and Achievements Based on a Cassava MAS Study • Way Forward

3. UPPER EAST REGION UPPER WEST REGION NORTHERN REGION VOLTA REGION BRONG AHAFO REGION Wenchi ASANTE REGION Kumasi EASTERN REGION GREATER ACCRA REGION CENTRAL REGION Accra WESTERN REGION 0 80Km IMPORTANCE AND HISTORY OF CASSAVA IN GHANA • Ranks first in the area under cultivation and utilization • Over 70% of Ghanaian farmers produce cassava • Grown across all agro-ecological zones • Consumed by >80% (Pop. 22 million) • Cassava contributes 22% of AGDP

4. Introduction of Cassava into Ghana Introduced by the Portuguese from Brazil in 1750 Seed bearing varieties led to the generation of Landraces possibly from natural hybridization Selection by farmers Hence the many names Formal breeding initiated by Lloyd-Williams of the Department of Agric. In the 1930. Most varieties susceptible to CMD Genotypes introduced from Trinidad, British Guyana, Mauritius, Java, Kenya, Sierra Leone and the Cameroon

5. Breeding from year 1750 to year 1950

6. BREEDING APPROACH OVER THE YEARS IN GHANA AND ACHIVEMENTS Breeding scheme Seeds Seedling Nursery Clonal Evaluation PYT AYT UYT On Farm Trial Release in 7th year Participatory research has become important

7. Cassava varieties released in Ghana

10. Table 2 cont’d

11. Why the need for new breeding approaches? Slow rate of generation of varieties End-users needs not entirely met Production constraints and emerging threats Increasing industrial utilization

12. Addressing the constraints to increase cassava production Mine the wild gene pool for genes for resistance to pest, diseases and delayed PPD,eg M. walkerae, M. flabellifolia,M.glaziovii

13. Known CMD pandemic Known CMD pandemic CMD ‘crisis’ zones CMD ‘crisis’ zones Threatened areas Threatened areas Cassava Belt Cassava Belt Addressing the emerging threats of disease Westwards and Southwards Expansion of the Severe Cassava Mosaic Disease Pandemic (Africa) • EACMV • ACMV • EACMV-Ug • Keep ahead of a problem • Prevention is better thancure

14. Develop varieties to supply Processing Industries Address Drought challenges to crop production

15. Current techniques in cassava breeding in Ghana • Crosses/hybridization • Mutation breeding • Participatory breeding

16. Biotechnology tools Participatory evaluation

17. CMD reaction of MAS selected in vitro cassava plantlets received from CIAT Mother Father Families No of Genotypes % % Resistant Susceptible ____________________________________________________________________ C-4 TAI 8 1 30 (36) 10 90 C-4 CM-523-7 2 40 (141) 0 100 C-33 CM-523-7 3 7 (7) 86 14 CM 7951- C-18 4 4 (5) 50 50 C-4 SM 1219-9 5 45 (58) 0 100 TAI 8 C-243 6 3 ( 3) 100 0 C-1 TAI 8 7 3 (4) 0 100 TAI 8 C-33 8 1 (2) 0 100 OW 181- C-33 9 0 (1) 0 0 OW 181- C-377 10 12 (14) 67 33 OW 230- C-19 11 1 (1) 0 100 _____________________________________________________________________ Key: values in the bracket represent the received number of genotypes per family

18. Average CMD reaction scores for CIAT inter-specific cassava hybrids in Ghana Genotypes Ave. CMD score AFISIAFI 3.0 AR 14-10 1.6 AR 15-5 1.4 CR 41-10 2.0 CR 42-4 2.0 CR 52A-25 1.7 CR 52A-31 1.8 CR 52A-4 1.8 CR59-4 1.5 SISIPE 166 2.8

19. Cassava Fresh Root Yield across three locations Clone Fumesua Ejura Pokuase Mean Afisiafi 45.7 42.7 33.9 40.8 AR-14-10 43.3 58.4 23.4 41.7 CR41-10 48.5 21.3 23.4 31.7 CR42-4 50.1 101.4 27.5 59.7 CR52A-25 45.1 64.4 39.8 49.7 CR52A-31 55.2 75.8 54.3 61.8 CR52A-4 55.5 50.3 40.6 48.8 CR59-4 29.6 52.2 25.0 36.2 SISIPE 166 50.0 31.9 33.0 38.5 Mean 47.0 55.6 33.4 45.3 s.e.d 13.8 29.5 5.39 19.3 cv %  36.7 62.8 19.7 52.2

20. Can cassava improvement and release be fast-tracked? Employ biotech tools and participatory breeding Choose end- users from communities, farmer groups, across agro-ecological zones On farm testing,on station testing and some multiplication should be done concurrently Varietal release inspection plots should be established during the second year of on-farm testing (End-users selected Varieties CR52A-25, AR 14-10 and CR52A-4 and CR52A-31 based on yield, good architecture, superior cooking characteristics colour and taste) .

21. Take Home Message • Cassava hybridization and use of landraces has become useful in Ghana • Biotech tools and participatory breeding will help to fast track cassava improvement • Participatory breeding could ensures easy technology adoption • Important traits of interest to end-users (farmers and Industry) are addressed

22. Way Forward • CSIR-CRI has been selected to be a National Center of specialization for Ghana under the WAAPP • Effective collaboration is vital • Exploitation of useful genes (reduce maturity time, Increase nutrients utilization, Improve resistance to disease, pest and herbicide) • Equipment supply and maintenance center should be established in the sub-region • Technical back-stopping with our collaborators

23. Elizabeth Parkes, Joe Manu- Aduening, Godfred Ampong- Mensah, Bright Boakye Preprah Edem Lotsu, Marian D. Quain, Pricsilla Adofo, Ruth Thompson, John N. Asafu-Agyei Emmanuel Okogbenin Martin Fregene

24. COLLABORATORS • CIAT, CALI COLOMBIA • IITA, IBADAN NIGERIA • Cornell University, ITHACA NY. • IAEA, VIENNA • Tuskegee University Alabama USA • CSIR-FORIG • CSIR-PGRRI,BUNSO • CSIR-ARI • The Universities (UG,KNUST,UCC etc)

25. Funding • GOG (CSIR) • NARP (World Bank) • IFAD,RTIP,RTIMP • GCP (Generation Challenge Program) • TUSKEGEE University • IAEA • AGRA

26. Thank You! Me daa ase