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4 SUBFIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY

4 SUBFIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY. BIOLOGICAL ARCHAEOLOGY LINGUISTIC SOCIO-CULTURAL. CHIEF MEANS OF ADAPTATION FOR HUMANS IS CULTURE. SOCIO-CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY IS. HOLISTIC—all the sub-systems of a culture are related as a single system

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4 SUBFIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY

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  1. 4 SUBFIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY • BIOLOGICAL • ARCHAEOLOGY • LINGUISTIC • SOCIO-CULTURAL

  2. CHIEF MEANS OF ADAPTATION FOR HUMANS IS CULTURE

  3. SOCIO-CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY IS • HOLISTIC—all the sub-systems of a culture are related as a single system • COMPARATIVE-understand each example in terms of all the others • ETHNOGRAPHIC-know by doing fieldwork

  4. PRINCIPLE METHOD IS ETHNOGRAPHY FIELDWORK PARTICIPANT-OBSERVATION

  5. CULTURAL RELATIVITY ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND IDEAS, PRACTICES, AND VALUES OF OTHER PEOPLES IN THE CONTEXT OF THEIR OWN CULTURES RATHER THAN OUR OWN 1)Descriptive relativity – suspending judgement to impartially report 2) Ethical relativity – viewing a culture through their perspective 3) Epistemological relativity – all ways of knowing are equal ---OR ARE THEY?

  6. ETHNOCENTRISM Thinking your own culture is the best

  7. Figure 1.1 – U.S. Fast Food System

  8. Important Terms Agency Variable Independent variable Interdependent variables Self-intensifying loops

  9. LISU

  10. SHAN

  11. Anthropology of Iceland Images of Contemporary Iceland Icelandic Essays Dynamics of Medieval Iceland Iceland

  12. PROCESS OF FIELDWORK (utilizing the scientific method) • THINK OF A HYPOTHESIS IN TERMS OF A THEORY E.G. SHAN PEASANTS PRODUCE ENOUGH FOR THEIR HOUSEHOLDS BUT NOT MUCH MORE-- THEORY OF HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTION

  13. E.G. STUDIES OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS SHOW THAT THE LESS CENTRALIZED THE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IS, THE MORE PEOPLE PARTICIPATE AND THE MORE EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT IS. HYPOTHESIS: IN LESS CENTRALIZED UNIONS, PEOPLE PARTICIPATE MORE AND THE UNION IS MORE EFFECTIVE

  14. WRITE A PROPOSAL IN WHICH YOU EXPLAIN THE THEORY, THE HYPOTHESIS, AND WHY EACH ONE IS IMPORTANT AND EXACTLY WHAT YOU PROPOSE TO DO [EVEN THOUGH YOU KNOW AND THEY KNOW IT NEVER HAPPENS THAT WAY] • DEVELOP A BUDGET AND TIME-LINE • SEND THE PROPOSAL TO GRANTING AGENCIES SUCH AS NSF

  15. GET APPROVAL FROM IRB • WAIT • IF THE GRANTING AGENCY LIKES THE IDEA, THEY GIVE YOU SOME MONEY • DO WHAT YOU SAID YOU’D DO—AS CLOSELY AS YOU CAN—E.G. YOU MAY NOT BE ABLE TO GET RANDOM SAMPLES—IMPROVISE—LISTEN TO PEOPLE; UNDERSTAND WHAT THEY’RE SAYING IN THEIR TERMS

  16. REVISE THE THEORY AND HYPOTHESES TO FIT WHAT YOU OBSERVE —EMPIRICISM MEANS YOU MAKE YOUR IDEAS CONFORM TO THE FACTS; YOU DON’T MAKE THE FACTS CONFORM TO YOUR IDEAS --DEVELOP NEW METHODS TO FIT THE SITUATIONS YOU FACE

  17. WRITE ABOUT METHODS AND FINDINGS AND TALK ABOUT THEM AT MEETINGS OF ANTHROPOLOGISTS AND OTHER INTERESTED PEOPLE — FOR INSTANCE, FISHERIES MANAGERS, FISHERS, UNION MEMBERS, UNION LEADERS

  18. LISTEN TO WHAT OTHER ANTHROPOLOGISTS ARE SAYING ABOUT THEIR WORK • PUT YOUR FINDINGS IN WIDER COMPARATIVE CONTEXTS OF OTHER FINDINGS FROM OTHER CULTURES • INCORPORATE NEW THEORIES AND METHODS • REPEAT FROM BEGINNING

  19. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH • IS SELF-CORRECTIVE—IF OBSERVATIONS DON’T MATCH OUR IDEAS, WE CHANGE OUR IDEAS UNTIL OBSERVATIONS DO MATCH OUR IDEAS.

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