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Food and Agriculture

Food and Agriculture. Chapter 15. Ethiopia. In 1985, there was a lack of rain, loss of soil, and a great war Caused the crops to fail Created a famine Widespread starvation caused by a shortage of food. Malnutrition. A condition that occurs when people do not consume enough Calories

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Food and Agriculture

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  1. Food and Agriculture Chapter 15

  2. Ethiopia • In 1985, there was a lack of rain, loss of soil, and a great war • Caused the crops to fail • Created a famine • Widespread starvation caused by a shortage of food

  3. Malnutrition • A condition that occurs when people do not consume enough Calories • If only eat wheat and rice, lack protein • Amino acid deficiency

  4. Food Efficiency • Measure of the quality of food produced on a given area of land with: • Limited inputs of energy • Limited inputs of resources • Desire a large amount of crops with the least negative inpact on environment

  5. World Food Problems • Unequal distribution of food • Drought • Famine

  6. Drought • Can lead to famine

  7. Green Revolution • Between 1950 and 1970 • Brought about a great deal of new crops with a higher yield • Requires large amounts of water, fertilizer, pesticides, machinery, irrigation • Was this good? • Was like bringing a Walmart into a community

  8. Green Revolution * Led to new crop varieties, increased yields

  9. Subsistence Farming • Grows only enough food for local use

  10. Arable Land • Land that can be used to grow crops • Fertile soil can support healthy plants • Roots grow in topsoil

  11. Top Soil • Temperature changes and moisture causing rocks to crack • Chemical weathering - minerals that react with water • Earthworms and insects • Earthworms are good indicators

  12. Erosion • The weathering away of rock or soil by wind and water

  13. Land Degradation • Use to be able to plant on land and then leave it alone for several years to gain more nutrients • What happened when the populations increased?

  14. Desertification • Decreases the amount of arable land available

  15. Soil Conservation • Soil retaining terraces • Countour plowing • Plowing across a hill instead of up and down • No-till farming

  16. Soil Conservation • Includes measures that prevent downhill erosion

  17. No-Till Farming • Causes Less Erosion

  18. Enriching the Soil • Compost Piles • Return nature to nature • City compost piles?

  19. Salinization • Accumulation of salts in the soil • In areas like California and Arizona • Why do you think these places? • Water comes from rivers and streams, not rain water

  20. Pest Control • Pesticides • Biological Pest Control • Integrated Pest Management • Engineering a Better Crop • Sustainable Agriculture

  21. Pesticides • Pesticide Resistance • Human Health Concerns • Pollution and Persistence (pesticides that don’t break down quickly)

  22. Biological Pest Control • Pathogens - good and bad • Plant defense - resistant to fungi • Chemicals from Plants - chemicals from chrysanthemums - pesticides

  23. Disrupting Insect Breeding • Growth regulators - interfere with a stage of a pest’s life • Pheromones - confuse moths with mating habits

  24. Integrated Pest Management • Aims to reduce pests with minimal economic damage

  25. Genetic Engineering • Transfers desirable traits

  26. Animal Domestication • Over harvesting • Aquaculture • Livestock

  27. Livestock • Ruminants - cattle, sheep, goats • Cud-chewing mammals that have three or four chambered stomachs • Poultry

  28. Overharvesting • Depletes fish populations

  29. Poverty • Plays a large role in determining the occurrence of malnutrition

  30. All of these contribute directly to fertile topsoil except: • Bedrock chemical reactions • Minerals supplied by rock particles • Decomposition action of fungi and bacteria • Earthworm’s breaking down the soil

  31. Many people worldwide are malnourished, in part because food production is: • Sufficient, but distribution is inconsistent

  32. Which of the following agricultural products require the least amount of energy? • Wheat or cows?

  33. Traditional agriculture typically depends upon • Manual or animal plowing • Organic fertilizers

  34. All of these are environmental problems associated with pesticide use in the U.S. except • The ongoing application of DDT • Human health concerns • Pesticide persistence • Pesticide resistance

  35. One potential way to deal with the problem of over harvesting is intensifying • Aquaculture

  36. Products obtained from livestock include • Leather, wool, eggs, meat, and manure

  37. Erosion is most likely when the soil is: • Bare and exposed to wind and rain

  38. Salinization may be caused by: • Long-term irrigation

  39. Earth’s available arable land is being reduced by • Fast-growing human populations • Soil erosion • desertification

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