Conversion and Calculations of Healthcare Measurements

1. Conversion and Calculations of Healthcare Measurements

2. Metric Units Measurements are used often in Healthcare. The Clinical laboratory uses measurement in almost all aspects of its operation. Ex. Solution Concentrations Cell Counts Density of Specimens Volume of Solutions/Blood Dilutions Time Temperatures

3. Which method is best to convert between units? • Converting between units can be done in different ways. Initially, students learn to convert units using the ladder method. This method is not appropriate for healthcare. • As conversions progress in difficulty, particularly between measurement systems it is best to use the dimensional analysis /proportional relationship method.

4. Scientists and Healthcare Professionals Work in Metric Units • Measurements made in the Healthcare Laboratory have a direct impact on the quality of patient care. • It can be a matter of determining a diagnosis, follow the course of a disease and prescribing the correct treatment. • The measurement must be reliable, accurate, standardized and precise. • Measurements in healthcare can mean the difference • between life and death.

5. 4/20/01 0.5 versus 5

6. Systems of Measurement • United States • English System of Measurement, sometimes called the U.S. customary system. Used in every day life in the U.S. for measurement. English Units for Distance: Inch, feet, yard, mile, etc. Example: How many inches are there in 12 feet? 12 inches (”) =1foot (’) 12” * 12’ = 144”

7. English System of Measurement • Other common Units in the English System • Pound • Cups • Pint • Miles • These units are not accurate enough for scientific measurement; hence the most accurat system the metric system is used.

8. Metric System • Used internationally by scientists and Healthcare • In most countries the metric system is used in everyday • The metric system is based on the power of 10, decimal system with a fundamental unit • Due to the decimal system very, very small quantities can be measured accurately and easily.

9. Groups of Ten • The Metric system is based on Powers of Ten. Ten of one unit equals 1 of the next, and ten of those equals 1 of the next… and so on and so on.

10. Base Units of the Metric System • Different units are used to measure different things. • Length – Meters • Mass – Grams • Volume – Liters • Density – Mass/Volume • Also part of the Metric System: • Temperature - Celsius

11. Measurements of Length

12. Measurements of Mass

13. Measurements of Volume

14. Measurement of Temperature

15. Temperature is not reported in metric or SI units Three Scales • Fahrenheit • boiling point 212° F • freezing point 32 ° F • Used in the U.S. for cooking, body temperature and weather • Celsius • boiling point 100° C • freezing point 0° C • Used for making most scientific temperature measurements. Most countries other than the US use the Celsius scale for everyday temp. • Kelvin • The Kelvin scale is a scientific scale for the temperature above absolute zero (0 K, -273.15 °C). The difference in scales is 273.15.

16. Conversion of Temperature

17. Conversion of Temperature • If someone says that the temperature will be 303 K today, how can you express that temperature in °C and °F? • Try to Solve To convert from Kelvin to Celsius:TC = TK - 273 To convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit:TF = 9/5(TC) + 32

18. Conversion of Temperature If someone says that the temperature will be 303 K today, how can you express that temperature in °C and °F? • To convert from Kelvin to Celsius:TC = TK - 273TC = 303 - 273 TC = 30°C • To convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit:TF = 9/5(TC) + 32TF = 9/5(30) + 32TF = 86°F • Temperature Conversion Answer • 30°C, 86°F

19. International System of Units • Standardize scientific measurements worldwide • In the U.S. SI units are mandated in all federal agencies • SI units are derived from the metric system are based on seven fundamental units. • http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/units.html

20. Again the Fundamental Units of the Metric System are… • Different units are used to measure different things. • Length – Meters • Mass – Grams • Volume – Liters • Density – Mass/Volume • Also part of the Metric System: • Temperature - Celsius

21. Common Basic Units in Healthcare • Liter • Meter • Gram • In the laboratory it is more common to measure smaller units than the basic units.

22. Metric System uses Power of 10 • Prefixes are added to the base unit (ex. liter,meter or gram) to indicate larger or smaller units.

23. Examples Metric facts: 1 cubic centimeter = 1 milliliter (1 cc=1mL)Liter = 1 cubic decimeter = 1,000 cubic centimeters = 1,000 millilitersLower case “m” stands for meter or “milli”. Capital “L” for liter.

24. Unit Prefixes • Simply add a prefix to the unit to show the quantity, size or value in powers of ten • Units Larger than the base: • deca = 10 x • hecto = 100 x • kilo = 1,000 x • Units Smaller than the base: • deci = .1 x • centi = .01 x • milli = .001 x

25. What to do to solve metric conversions problems? • Identify what you are asked. • Write down what is given or known. • Look for relationships between knowns and unknowns (use charts, equations). • Rearrange the equation to solve for the unknown. • Do the computations, cancel the units, check for reasonable answers.

26. Steps of Dimensional Analysis • Start with what value is known, proceed to the unknown. • Starting point = the number and unit provided by the question • Final destination = the units desired after converting • Draw the dimensional lines (count the “jumps”). • Insert the unit relationships. • Cancel the units. • Do the math, include units in answer.

27. Dimensional jumps between prefixes How many jumps between deci and giga 10-1 x 10 9 = 10 jumps (9-(-1) =10)

28. Write the KNOWN, identify the UNKNOWN. • EX. How many km is 582 mm ? 582mm = ______km

29. Draw the # of dimensional “jumps” • EX. How many km is 582 mm ? 582 mm2 x_____ x_____x_____x_____x_____x_____

30. Using the dimensional jump method • 582 mm x_____ x_____x_____x_____x_____x___

31. cm dm m dkm hm km 582mm x x x x x x mm cm dm m dkm hm Cancel Units *Units leftover SHOULD be units of UNKNOWN

32. Insert Relationships (Prefixes from the known to the unknown) • How many km is 582 mm ? 582 mm x_.1cm_ x_____x_____x_____x_____x_____ .1dm .1m .1dkm .1hm .1km 1 dm 1 mm 1cm 1m 1dkm 1hm

33. cm dm m dkm hm km 582mm x x x x x x mm cm dm m dkm hm Do the Math

34. Do the Math 582mm x 10 -6 = .000582 km

35. Chart MethodConvert 5234 millimeters to meters equal Starting amount End Amount = meters 5234 millimeters 0.001 milli 5234 millimeters 5234 meters 1000

36. Convert 21 mg per liter (21 g/L) to grams per 100 cc equal equal equal Starting amount End Amount 21 mgLiter 0.001milli 0.10.1 = g 100cc 1L1000cc 0.00021

37. Conversion of Metric Units to Metric Units • The ratio and proportion procedures is probably the most useful way to convert one unit of measure to another • Ex. How many milligrams equal 0.025g? The unknown ratio is 0.025g to “x” mg. Make a ratio: 0.025g/x mg = 1g/1,000mg x= 0.025 X 1,000 x = 25 mg Hence 25mg = 0.025g