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Deposits

THE BORON CYCLE. Atmosphere. Volcanism. Stockpiles & Reclamation Ponds. Agricultural Burninig. Coal Combustion. Industry. Forest Fires. Plant & Animal Residues. Coal. Landfill. Refining. Organic Matter. Fertilizer/ End Use. Oceans. Mining. Soil Solution. Plant Biomass.

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Deposits

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  1. THE BORON CYCLE Atmosphere Volcanism Stockpiles & Reclamation Ponds Agricultural Burninig Coal Combustion Industry Forest Fires Plant & Animal Residues Coal Landfill Refining Organic Matter Fertilizer/ End Use Oceans Mining Soil Solution Plant Biomass Surface Water Deposits Ground Water Soil/ Crusts Click on an object and follow Boron through its cycle. Main Cycle Boron Info Palmer & Murdock, 2000

  2. BORON CYCLE Atmosphere Volcanism Stockpiles & Reclamation Ponds Agricultural Burninig Coal Combustion Industry Forest Fires Plant & Animal Residues Coal Landfill Refining Organic Matter Fertilizer/ End Use Oceans Mining Soil Solution Plant Biomass pH<7.0=H3BO3 pH>7.0=H4BO4- Surface Water Deposits Ground Water Soil/ Crusts Main Cycle Boron Info

  3. BORON CYCLE Atmosphere Volcanism Stockpiles & Reclamation Ponds Agricultural Burninig Coal Combustion Industry Forest Fires Plant & Animal Residues Coal Landfill Refining Organic Matter Fertilizer/ End Use Oceans Mining Soil Solution Plant Biomass Surface Water Deposits Ground Water Soil/ Crusts Main Cycle Boron Info

  4. BORON CYCLE Atmosphere Volcanism Stockpiles & Reclamation Ponds Agricultural Burninig Coal Combustion Industry Forest Fires Plant & Animal Residues Coal Landfill Refining Organic Matter Fertilizer/ End Use Oceans Mining Soil Solution Plant Biomass Surface Water Deposits Ground Water Soil/ Crusts Main Cycle Boron Info

  5. BORON CYCLE Atmosphere Volcanism Stockpiles & Reclamation Ponds Agricultural Burninig Coal Combustion Industry Forest Fires Plant & Animal Residues Coal Landfill Refining Organic Matter Fertilizer/ End Use Oceans Mining Soil Solution Plant Biomass Surface Water Deposits Ground Water Soil/ Crusts Main Cycle Boron Info

  6. BORON CYCLE Atmosphere Volcanism Stockpiles & Reclamation Ponds Agricultural Burninig Coal Combustion Industry Forest Fires Plant & Animal Residues Coal Landfill Refining Organic Matter Fertilizer/ End Use Oceans Mining Soil Solution Plant Biomass Surface Water Deposits Ground Water Soil/ Crusts Main Cycle Boron Info

  7. BORON CYCLE Atmosphere Volcanism Stockpiles & Reclamation Ponds Agricultural Burninig Coal Combustion Industry Forest Fires Plant & Animal Residues Coal Landfill Refining Organic Matter Fertilizer/ End Use Oceans Mining Soil Solution Plant Biomass Surface Water Deposits Ground Water Soil/ Crusts Main Cycle Boron Info

  8. BORON CYCLE Atmosphere Volcanism Stockpiles & Reclamation Ponds Agricultural Burninig Coal Combustion Industry Forest Fires Plant & Animal Residues Coal Landfill Refining Organic Matter Fertilizer/ End Use Oceans Mining Soil Solution Plant Biomass Surface Water Deposits Ground Water Soil/ Crusts Main Cycle Boron Info

  9. BORON CYCLE Atmosphere Volcanism Stockpiles & Reclamation Ponds Agricultural Burninig Coal Combustion Industry Forest Fires Plant & Animal Residues Coal Landfill Refining Organic Matter Fertilizer/ End Use Oceans Mining Soil Solution Plant Biomass Surface Water Deposits Ground Water Soil/ Crusts Main Cycle Boron Info

  10. BORON CYCLE Atmosphere Volcanism Stockpiles & Reclamation Ponds Agricultural Burninig Coal Combustion Industry Forest Fires Plant & Animal Residues Coal Landfill Refining Organic Matter Fertilizer/ End Use Oceans Mining Soil Solution Plant Biomass Surface Water Deposits Ground Water Soil/ Crusts Main Cycle Boron Info

  11. BORON CYCLE Atmosphere Volcanism Stockpiles & Reclamation Ponds Agricultural Burninig Coal Combustion Industry Forest Fires Plant & Animal Residues Coal Landfill Refining Organic Matter Fertilizer/ End Use Oceans Mining Soil Solution Plant Biomass Surface Water Deposits Ground Water Soil/ Crusts Main Cycle Boron Info

  12. BORON CYCLE Atmosphere Volcanism Stockpiles & Reclamation Ponds Agricultural Burninig Coal Combustion Industry Forest Fires Plant & Animal Residues Coal Landfill Refining Organic Matter Fertilizer/ End Use Oceans Mining Soil Solution Plant Biomass Surface Water Deposits Ground Water Soil/ Crusts Main Cycle Boron Info

  13. BORON CYCLE Atmosphere Volcanism Stockpiles & Reclamation Ponds Agricultural Burninig Coal Combustion Industry Forest Fires Plant & Animal Residues Coal Landfill Refining Organic Matter Fertilizer/ End Use Oceans Mining Soil Solution Plant Biomass Surface Water Deposits Ground Water Soil/ Crusts Main Cycle Boron Info

  14. BORON CYCLE Atmosphere Volcanism Stockpiles & Reclamation Ponds Agricultural Burninig Coal Combustion Industry Forest Fires Plant & Animal Residues Coal Landfill Refining Organic Matter Fertilizer/ End Use Oceans Mining Soil Solution Plant Biomass Surface Water Deposits Ground Water Soil/ Crusts Main Cycle Boron Info

  15. BORON CYCLE Atmosphere Volcanism Stockpiles & Reclamation Ponds Agricultural Burninig Coal Combustion Industry Forest Fires Plant & Animal Residues Coal Landfill Refining Organic Matter Fertilizer/ End Use Oceans Mining Soil Solution Plant Biomass Surface Water Deposits Ground Water Soil/ Crusts Main Cycle Boron Info

  16. BORON CYCLE Atmosphere Volcanism Stockpiles & Reclamation Ponds Agricultural Burninig Coal Combustion Industry Forest Fires Plant & Animal Residues Coal Landfill Refining Organic Matter Fertilizer/ End Use Oceans Mining Soil Solution Plant Biomass Surface Water Deposits Ground Water Soil/ Crusts Main Cycle Boron Info

  17. BORON CYCLE Atmosphere Volcanism Stockpiles & Reclamation Ponds Agricultural Burninig Coal Combustion Industry Forest Fires Plant & Animal Residues Coal Landfill Refining Organic Matter Fertilizer/ End Use Oceans Mining Soil Solution Plant Biomass Surface Water Deposits Ground Water Soil/ Crusts Main Cycle Boron Info

  18. BORON CYCLE Atmosphere Volcanism Stockpiles & Reclamation Ponds Agricultural Burninig Coal Combustion Industry Forest Fires Plant & Animal Residues Coal Landfill Refining Organic Matter Fertilizer/ End Use Oceans Mining Soil Solution Plant Biomass Surface Water Deposits Ground Water Soil/ Crusts Main Cycle Boron Info

  19. BORON CYCLE Atmosphere Volcanism Stockpiles & Reclamation Ponds Agricultural Burninig Coal Combustion Industry Forest Fires Plant & Animal Residues Coal Landfill Refining Organic Matter Fertilizer/ End Use Oceans Mining Soil Solution Plant Biomass Surface Water Deposits Ground Water Soil/ Crusts Main Cycle Boron Info

  20. BORON CYCLE Atmosphere Volcanism Stockpiles & Reclamation Ponds Agricultural Burninig Coal Combustion Industry Forest Fires Plant & Animal Residues Coal Landfill Refining Organic Matter Fertilizer/ End Use Oceans Mining Soil Solution Plant Biomass Surface Water Deposits Ground Water Soil/ Crusts Main Cycle Boron Info

  21. BORON CYCLE Atmosphere Volcanism Stockpiles & Reclamation Ponds Agricultural Burninig Coal Combustion Industry Forest Fires Plant & Animal Residues Coal Landfill Refining Organic Matter Fertilizer/ End Use Oceans Mining Soil Solution Plant Biomass Surface Water Deposits Ground Water Soil/ Crusts Main Cycle Boron Info

  22. BORON CYCLE Atmosphere Volcanism Stockpiles & Reclamation Ponds Agricultural Burninig Coal Combustion Industry Forest Fires Plant & Animal Residues Coal Landfill Refining Organic Matter Fertilizer/ End Use Oceans Mining Soil Solution Plant Biomass Surface Water Deposits Ground Water Soil/ Crusts Main Cycle Boron Info

  23. Boron Information Form taken up by plants Soil Mobility Role of soil characteristics Roles of Boron B fertilizers Concentrations in soil Deficiency levels in plants Plant mobility Deficiency symptoms B availability index Soil O. M. interactions Effect of pH on availability Toxic levels Other B sources Reference Page Main Cycle Boron Info Palmer & Murdock, 2000

  24. Form taken up by plants:H3BO3Soil Mobility:Yes Main Cycle Boron Info

  25. Plant Mobility:Intermediate mobility in the phloemDeficiency symptoms:Necrosis of leaves and terminal buds, thisoften leads to a bushy appearance. Thick, brittle, pale green leaves. Irregular shedding of flowers or fruit. Fruit develops corky lesions and splits irregularly (“Black-heart or heart-rot in vegetables). Main Cycle Boron Info

  26. Soil O. M. interactions:Boron is complexed by O.M. and can be a major source of B to plants. Mineralization of O.M. releases B to soil solution. Tourmaline is the mineral source of B in soils and is a very insoluble borosilicate mineral. Effect of pH on availability:Boron availability decreases with increasing pH. Overliming acid soils can cause temporary B deficiency due to B adsorption on freshly precipitated Al(OH)3 and interaction with Ca2+. Main Cycle Boron Info

  27. Role of soil characteristics:Boron is generally less available on sandy soils in humid regions due to increased leaching. Especially true on acid soils with low O.M. Boron availability increases with increasing O.M. Most alkaline and calcareous soils contain sufficient B sinceprimary B minerals have not been highly weathered or leached out as in humid region soils. Main Cycle Boron Info

  28. Roles of BoronIn plants: Root elongation and nucleic acid metabolism, cell wall synthesis, phenol metabolism, IAA metabolism, tissue differentation, aids in membrane function and integrity, and aids in pollen tube growth.In humans: Ca and Mg metabolism, B is needed for proper absorption of Ca for healthy bones and joints, necessary for proper cell function. Optimum level 3 mg/day. Sources: Almonds, beer, soybean, vegetables, and wine. Main Cycle Boron Info

  29. Concentrations in soil:Total B in soil is small ( 20-200 ppm)Deficiency levels in plants:Monocots: 5-10 mg/kgDicots: 20-70 mg/kgGum-bearing plants (poppy): 80-100 mg/kg Main Cycle Boron Info

  30. Toxic levels in plants:Corn: >100 mg/kgCucumber: >300 mg/kgWheat: >10 mg/kgAlfalfa: >100 mg/kgToxic levels in soil and water:Boron can be toxic on some alkaline soils when soil test or extractable B exceeds 5 ppm. Irrigation water that contains >1 ppm B can also produce toxicity. Main Cycle Boron Info

  31. B availability index:Hot water soluble B testSoil solution: 0.2 ppm deficient >1 ppm toxicSoil weight basis: 1-5 ppm marginal >5 ppm toxic Main Cycle Boron Info

  32. B fertilizers:Borax: (Na4B4O7 10 H2O) 10-11% BBoric acid: (H3BO3) 17% BColemanite: Ca2B6O11 5H2O 10-16% BSodium pentaborate: Na2B10O16 10 H2O 18% BSodium tetraborate: Na2B4O7 5 H2O 14-15% BSolubor: Na2B4O7 5 H2O + Na2B10O16 10 H2O 20-21% B Main Cycle Boron Info

  33. Other sources of B:Animal wastes: 0.01 to 0.09 lb/ton of wasteat 72-85% moisture. Sewage effluent: 0.3 to 2.5 ppm B. Average is 1.0 ppm.Coal: Up to 400 ppm. Average 50-60 ppm. Coal combustion produces a residue called fly ash has up to 600 ppm. Averages 50-60 ppm. Main Cycle Boron Info

  34. References:Marschner, H. 1997. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 2nd ed. Academic Press Inc. San Diego, CA. Mortvedt, J. J. 1972. Micronutrients in Agriculture. Soil Science Society of America. Madison, WI.Phillipson, Tore. 1953. Boron in plant and soil with special regard to Swedish agriculture. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica. III:2. Raun, W. R., G. V. Johnson, and S. L. Taylor. 1996. Soil-Plant Relationships, Oklahoma State University, Agronomy 5813 class notes. Taiz, L. and E. Zieger. 1991. Plant Physiology. Tisdale, S. L., W. L. Nelson, J. D. Beaton, and J. L. Havlin. 1993. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers. 5th ed. MacMillan Publishing Co. New York, NY. Main Cycle Boron Info

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