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What are ODS?

crime and air pollution Ozone Depleting Substances Henk Ruessink ECENA course, Boedapest, December 2008. What are ODS?. Substances that destroy the ozone layer Cfc – Chloro Fluoro Carbons Hcfc – Hydro Chloro Fluoro Carbons Other ODS ODS are man-made volatile compounds Refrigerants

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What are ODS?

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  1. crime and air pollutionOzone Depleting SubstancesHenk RuessinkECENA course, Boedapest, December 2008

  2. What are ODS? • Substances that destroy the ozone layer • Cfc – Chloro Fluoro Carbons • Hcfc – Hydro Chloro Fluoro Carbons • Other ODS • ODS are man-made volatile compounds • Refrigerants • Foaming agents, sprays • Solvents • Fire Extinghuisers (halons)

  3. The Ozone Layer • Protects our planet from the sun • Filters ultraviolet-B radiation • UV-B is harmful for health, nature and materials • Found in at 10 and 50 km altitude – stratosphere • Concentration of varies through natural causes

  4. The Ozone Hole • 1985: thinning of OL above Antartica • Scientific evidence  ODS play important role • Emission lags behind usage of ODS • Ongoing decreases of OL from 1970s • UV-B radiation increased ever since

  5. Intermezzo: Effect of UV-B radiation • Human health  • skin cancer, cataract, immune deseases • Environmental  • More tropospheric ozone (thus respiratory illness) • Climatic impacts • Ecosystems  • Terrestial and aquatic • Food chains and cycles • Materials  • Damaging properties, e.g. of plastics

  6. Stratospheric Ozone Layer

  7. Destruction of the Ozone Layer

  8. Worldwide response • First alert: Vienna Convention 1985 (non-binding) • Formal Multilateral Agreement in Sept. 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer • Into force: January 1989 • Protocol ratified by 193 nations • Missing: Andorra, San Marino, Timor Leste

  9. Basics of the Montreal protocol • Phased banning of production, trade and use of ODS • Ultimate goal: elimination • Different timeframes per subgroup of ODS, e.g. • CFC phased out from 1991 to 1996 • HCFC phased out from 1996 to 2030 • Some exemptions for ‘essential use’ • For developing countries: delayed phase out • Implementation through national or regional legislation

  10. European Regulation ODS • Regulation EU 2037/2000 of June 2000 • Works directly in the EU Member States • Based on Montreal Protocol and its amendments • Refers to: • production, • Import & export • trade & application • recycling & destruction • Enforcement and sanctioning: national responsibility

  11. Enforcement aspects • MP does not have strong own enforcement chapter • Enforcement through national implementation • (Inter)national cooperation is essential, however • Particularly between Customs and Environmental agencies • Still substantial illegal trade in banned products • Indications that up to 20% of trade is illegal • Value of this black market: up to 60 million USD

  12. Drivers for illicit operations • Market mechanism of demand and supply • Growing consumption, globalisation • Different time-frames for developing and developed countries • Economic incentives • Making money (criminals) • Saving expenses (consumers) • Regulatory aspects • Legislation ‘defines’ new crime • Opportunities through ambiguity, unclearity, contradictions • Lack of effective (inter)national control and enforcement

  13. Fraudulent approaches • Recycled versus virgin • Mislabeling CFC, e.g. as HCFC • Using wrong customs codes • Traditional smuggling of containers, cylinders • Smuggling in (used) compressors or equipment

  14. Double layered cylinders 1 2

  15. Easy smuggling in small cannisters

  16. Private smuggling boat…

  17. … or private smuggling bike

  18. More information • ozone.unep.org (UNEP’s Ozone Secretariat) • www.epa.gov • europa.eu • www.greencustoms.org • Project Sky-Hole-Patching • (WCO, UNEP, Asian/Pacific, 2006-2007)

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