King Fahad University of Petroleum and Minerals C onstruction C ontracting & A dmin. CEM-520

1. King Fahad University of Petroleum and MineralsConstruction Contracting& Admin. CEM-520 FACTORS AFFECTING CONSTRUCTION PRACTICIES in MAKKAH Presented For : Dr . Saadi Assaf By : Abdulatif AlHuwail 523041

2. ABSTRACT • Construction is a complex industry which involves various factors . • The construction industry is very much customer-oriented • Identify, discuss and analyze factors affect construction practices in Makkah ( the Holy City ) • Provide information facilitate the decision making of the constructors during the planning phase • preliminary questionnaire & detailed survey identified the eleven major factors affecting construction practices in MAKKAH .. • All data was statistically analyzed by the statistical analysis system package ( SAS). • These factors increase the cost of the construction projects by more than 20%. • A set of recommendations given and topics for further studies were suggested to improve this practices .

3. INTRODUCTION 1.2 problem • Makkah lies on coastal plain (Tehama) which meets HEJAZ mountain range • Aligned a series of wadies within granite hills . • Average summer maximum temperature of 44 degrees • The extraordinary position of Makkah must be realized and appreciated. (Holy city of Muslims ) • Natural desire to live near the Haram has led to the use of all available space to provide living and shopping facilities . 1.3 previous studies • Hazem ibrahim ,s • States construction industry in the Arab states is affected by two factors :- • The shortage of builing materials • Shortage occurring in the labor market • Mohammed Al-jarallah • great development in the saudi construction industry has contributed to a series of problems

4. INTRODUCTION cont. 1. Economical problems : • Due to great demand on the construction industry , the rate of inflation jumped to a very high level . • 2. Social problems : • Foreigners simply do not socialize with Saudis and , consequently, remain very much isolated from the society . • Tremendous effect on their length of stay and also on their productivity . • 3. Technical problems : • Related to the local geotechnical formation & Harsh desert climatic conditions. • 4. Legal and Management problems : • Planned to be executed on accelerated construction schedules . • Foreign contractors, Try to use imported control systems that ignore local conditions. • Authors knowledge, • No previous detailed work done to identify the factors affecting the construction practices in a large, important city as Makkah

5. Objective & Methodology 1.4 objective • To identify, and analyze the factors affecting contraction practices in Makkah ,Saudi Arabia . • Make general recommendations and to suggest topics for further studies. 1.5 steps, procedures and Methodology . • 1- preliminary questionnaire, resulted in determining the major (eleven) factors • UNLESS such factors are well defined and analyzed by the constructors, they will continue to affect different construction costs in Makkah . • 2- detailed questionnaires to contractors, consultants & government officers in Makkah .

6. Methodology (cont.) • Examined each factor identified in the preliminary Questionnaire and how it affects planning and scheduling, duration time , manpower , materials ,machines and the different costs. ( appendix A ) • 3. interviews with well-established constructors & persons from government and construction companies were done and documented . • 4. information and data of plans , charts and figures were collected and studied, • 5. the questionnaires were collected and statiscallyAnalyzed followed by discussion of the survey results . • 6. summary and some conclusions and recommendations were developed and are presented . 1.6 SCOPE • This research is limited to the identification of the Most relevant factors that affect construction practices in Makkah Saudi Arabia .

7. Discussion of the FACTORS • These FACTORSwere identified by the preliminary questionnaire and after many interviews the author did with contractors in Makkah . 2.1 Location and Topography . • The city is situated in an area of crystalline & granitic rocks. Makkah has the shape of star with the Holy Mosque located in the center . • The topography in Makkah increases the different costs of the Construction project since it affects the type and size of used equipment, Construction techniques and project duration time 2.2 structure and Building Tissues , • city containing the KAABA as very defined and recognizable focal point has led to the use of all available space . Muslim natural desire to live near KAABA • rapid development has resulted in urban pattern of widely scattered areas of very compact development with large tracts of vacant, hilly land between them . • Sites on the steep sides of the mountain, it is impossible for any kind of vehicle to reach sonly by manual labor and donkeys,such methods cost many times more than any where else with other conditions

8. Discussion of the FACTORS 2.3 climate and Temperature • Makkah has an average summer maximum temperature of 44 degrees centigrade , Coupled with the lack of circulating air . • Affects the laborers productivity , increases the overhead cost when to provide sufficient air conditioning for offices and for the residential facilities for labourers . • Construction equipment Productivity will be less and it will require additional maintenance and special treatment . • Concrete is affected by the weather Problems concern the mixing, placing & curing of the concrete which adds extra costs to the project . 2.4 Building Laws and Regulation. • There are numerous violation to the regulation and a large number of building are built without proper permission especially in the hilly areas . • Existing development – control system presents the following Deficiencies • No effective control is exercised on land use in buildings . • Zoning regulations are not always properly and fully enforced, especially with respect to additional stories.

9. Discussion of the FACTORS 2.5 The Comprehensive Plan (Master Plan) • An official document adopted by a local government as a policy guide to decisions about the physical development of the community in the next 20 to 30 years . • In 1972, the main proposals of the master plan prepared byt Robert Matthew , john Marshall and partners ( RMJM ) . • In April 1985, Dar AL-Handasah Consultants and Saudi consulting Group, Published the new comprehensive Development plan for Makkah region. 2.6 coordination problems among Agencies. • Some Agencies conducted separate planning studies and preferred to carry out their own projects standards and layouts that were different to those advocated in the Master plan . • Proper coordination between government and private agencies requires real effort and frequent meetings • Daily contacts are needed to ensure that all works are conductedaccording to the approved programmers and time schedules .

10. Discussion of the FACTORS • Coordination between Makkah ,s Municipality and local agencies was not efficient & completely lacking ,Due to the following Reasons : • Government agencies did not abide by the programs and projects proposed by the RMJM Master plan • Agencies did not adopt a common methodology to define priorities for the implementation of projects. • No common or agreed – upon programmers clearly defining time schedules and fixed completion dates for projects . • If proper coordination between the public agencies had been maintained , all infrastructure could have been provided to each area in turn within a shorter period of time . • The higher coordination committee will prepare all the necessary maps including details of all existing and proposed infrastructure projects .

11. Discussion of the FACTORS 2.7 Land–Ownership problems • Unauthorized occupation of lands are major reasons for delaying the different public and private construction projects • More than two–thirds of the total cost of some public projects might be in a suit of compensations to land owners . . • The price of land is very expensive in Makkah, cost of the horizontal construction projects. Especially roads, is three times greater than similar projects in other cities in the kingdom, • 2.8 Restriction on Non –Muslim Labor • Construction industry in Arabia suffers from labor shortages . Labor cost are a major factor affecting construction cost in Saudi Arabia . • The author believes that the restriction on non–Muslim labor to enter the Holy city does not affect the development of Makkah, it affect the construction practices as it reduces the number of competitive bidders which increases the cost of the bid.

12. Discussion of the FACTORS 2.9 The Month of Ramadhan and Umrah Season • Standard work week becomes 36 hours but workers are paid for a full 48 hours &The productivity of the fasting laborers is less than normal during the daytime . • Companies change starting and finishing times of the working day during Ramadhan . Reducing efficiency of the work . • The construction projects located near the Haram are stopped during the last half of Ramadhan. 2.10 HaJJ • There are negative effects and positive effects of Hajj on construction which should be identified and carefully considered . • see ( Fig 2.3 )

13. Discussion of the FACTORS

14. Discussion of the FACTORS 2.11Government Budget Time Conflict • The country's general budget announce every year on the first of Rajab . • Government's General Budget influences the planning of all construction work in the public projects . • Time of the general budget issuance conflicts with the time of Umrah and Hajj seasons which starts from the Rajab . • Starting from the year 1986,the Government budget will be announced on the 22 nd of December every year

15. Chapter 3The Survey Result • On the basis of the results of Preliminary questionnaire & many interviews ,The Author designed the Detailed questionnare. • The Detailed questionnaire : • Consist of 3 major parts : • The First:about the respondent • Area of study. • Relation with Construction . • Nature of work . • Years of working experience in MAKKAH . • Type of Construction working in .

16. The Survey Result • The second :the major part • Sixquestion about each Factor ,How it Affects : • Planning & scheduling . • Duration time . • Manpower. • Materials . • Machines . • & Different Costs . • The Third:contains 2 questions • The percentage in which the factor affect the Cost . • Ask the responds to write any Comments or Recommendations .

17. The Statistical Result • The Author distributed 120 quest. Mainly to Contractors , Consultants & governmental officers . • Received 64 correct quest. Were statically analyzed by SAS to find : • Ordinary Frequency . • Cross frequency . • Standard Deviation . • Means of the Results . • Following pages includes a summary of Results & Discussion about each factor.

18. Discussion of Statistical Results • Each question given five different answers & a Value from 1 : 5 as shown in the table : Option Value Range • Strongly Affects 1 1.0 : 1.5 • Moderately Affects 2 1.6 : 2.5 • Slightly Affects 3 2.6 : 3.5 • Dose not Affect 4 3.6 : 4.0 • No opinion 5 > 4.0 • 92 % Civil or Arch . • 8 % Mech. & Elec. • 61 % Contractors or Consultants . • 39% Governmental Off. Or Owners .

19. Means of FACTORS FACTOR Means • Location & Topography . 1.87 • Hajj. 2.11 • Structure & building Tissue. 2.12 • Coordination Problem . 2.29 • Government Budget . 2.36 • Ramadhan 2.52 • Restriction on Non-muslim . 2.63 • Lands Ownership. 2.67 • Climate & weather . 2.70 • Master Plan availability . 2.96 • Building Laws & Regulation . 2.97 • Average Means 2.66

20. Percentage of Increasing Cost ( PIC ) Respondent Ratio increasing cost • 20.31 % 11 : 15 % • 34.33 % 16 : 20 % • 45.31 % More than 20 %

21. CONCLUSION • The eleven factors are categorized into two Kinds : temporary factors & permanent factors (seasonal & non-seasonal )

22. CONCLUSION cont. • The temporary factors mostly affect the planning and scheduling of the project , duration Time finally increases the costs the projects. • Permanent factors seem to affect some locations .machines material & manpower first & as a result, the duration time & different costs . • Temporary factors affect construction practices throughout the entire city . • These factors are increasing the cost of projects more than 20% . • The continuous development of the city , with great demand for construction , creates an urgent need for serious studies and research in this field of knowledge

23. GeneralRecommendations • 1- need for Establishing a “ construction research center” in Saudi Arabia for data collection , analysis, and documentation , • 2- All constructors in Makkah should be concerned about factors previously mentioned and they should consider them primarily during the estimating and the planning phases . . • 3- More effective management methods and techniques are required to improve the construction environment in Makkah . • 4- the Hajji as a unique and an extraordinary event will still positively and negatively affect construction in Makkah . • 5- the month of Ramadan should also be considered during the planning phase in all construction projects in Saudi Arabia . . • 6- Only serious, efficient and well managed construction companies will survive in Makkah, they should do their research to improve efficiency .

24. Recommendation for Further Studies • The following areas need further study : • 1- Studies on the effect of hot weather on the performance of the materials and the productivity of the manpower . . • 2- Hajj and its effects on construction practices in Makkah . Effective planning and scheduling methods and techniques are needed very urgently . • 3-the land- ownership problems in Makkah must be studied . • 4- studies to construct mathematical models to estimate the effects of such factors on the construction costs in Makkah are suggested . • 5- it is very important to reduce safety hazards which may be caused by construction practices in the city . An urgent need to establish a construction safety stanard for Makkah and the Holy places .