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ASTR 1102-002 2008 Fall Semester. Joel E. Tohline, Alumni Professor Office: 247 Nicholson Hall [Slides from Lecture23]. Chapter 26 : Cosmology and Chapter 27: Exploring the Universe. Implications of Big Bang. Era of “recombination” and “Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)”
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ASTR 1102-0022008 Fall Semester Joel E. Tohline, Alumni Professor Office: 247 Nicholson Hall [Slides from Lecture23]
Implications of Big Bang • Era of “recombination” and “Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)” • Origin of the Elements • Non-uniformities in the Early Universe and the Origin of Galaxies
At the time of recombination, the temperature was a few thousand degrees everywhere! But from our point of view “now,” this radiation has been significantly redshifted (due to expansion of the universe) so the spectrum should look like a “black-body” of a much cooler temperature.
At the time of recombination, the temperature was a few thousand degrees everywhere! But from our point of view “now,” this radiation has been significantly redshifted (due to expansion of the universe) so the spectrum should look like a “black-body” of a much cooler temperature. From Einstein’s theory, Dicke & Peebles (Princeton University) predict T = 3 K.
At the time of recombination, the temperature was a few thousand degrees everywhere! But from our point of view “now,” this radiation has been significantly redshifted (due to expansion of the universe) so the spectrum should look like a “black-body” of a much cooler temperature. From Einstein’s theory, Dicke & Peebles (Princeton University) predict T = 3 K.
Remember “Black body spectrum” from Chapter 5 What would a 3 K spectrum look like?
Penzias & Wilson discover CMB radiation; awarded 1978 Nobel Prize
Uniformity of CMB • COBE satellite measurements (which improved on discovery of Penzias & Wilson) show … • CMB temperature is 2.725 K • Exactly the same temperature no matter which direction you look in the sky! at the time of recombination, the universe was extremely uniform • Slight Doppler shift due to Earth’s motion through space • Otherwise, only very tiny fluctuations; smaller than 200 micro-Kelvin (mK)
Uniformity of CMB • COBE satellite measurements (which improved on discovery of Penzias & Wilson) show … • CMB temperature is 2.725 K • Exactly the same temperature no matter which direction you look in the sky! at the time of recombination, the universe was extremely uniform • Slight Doppler shift due to Earth’s motion through space • Otherwise, only very tiny fluctuations; smaller than 200 micro-Kelvin (mK)
Uniformity of CMB • COBE satellite measurements (which improved on discovery of Penzias & Wilson) show … • CMB temperature is 2.725 K • Exactly the same temperature no matter which direction you look in the sky! at the time of recombination, the universe was extremely uniform • Slight Doppler shift due to Earth’s motion through space • Otherwise, only very tiny fluctuations; smaller than 200 micro-Kelvin (mK)
Uniformity of CMB • COBE satellite measurements (which improved on discovery of Penzias & Wilson) show … • CMB temperature is 2.725 K • Exactly the same temperature no matter which direction you look in the sky! at the time of recombination, the universe was extremely uniform • Slight Doppler shift due to Earth’s motion through space • Otherwise, only very tiny fluctuations; smaller than 200 micro-Kelvin (mK)
Uniformity of CMB • COBE satellite measurements (which improved on discovery of Penzias & Wilson) show … • CMB temperature is 2.725 K • Exactly the same temperature no matter which direction you look in the sky! at the time of recombination, the universe was extremely uniform • Slight Doppler shift due to Earth’s motion through space • Otherwise, only very tiny fluctuations; smaller than 200 micro-Kelvin (mK) – confirmed by WMAP spacecraft
Implications of Big Bang • Era of “recombination” and “Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)” • Origin of the Elements • Non-uniformities in the Early Universe and the Origin of Galaxies
Implications of Big Bang • Era of “recombination” and “Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)” • Origin of the Elements • Non-uniformities in the Early Universe and the Origin of Galaxies
Origin of the Elements • Looking back even further in time – before recombination – the universe was even hotter • At a sufficiently early epoch it was too hot for any atomic nuclei heavier than Hydrogen to have existed! • When did the first elements form; and which ones were able to form? ANS: In the “first 3 minutes”; and only Helium!
Origin of the Elements • Looking back even further in time – before recombination – the universe was even hotter • At a sufficiently early epoch it was too hot for any atomic nuclei heavier than Hydrogen to have existed! • When did the first elements form; and which ones were able to form? ANS: In the “first 3 minutes”; and only Helium!
Origin of the Elements • Looking back even further in time – before recombination – the universe was even hotter • At a sufficiently early epoch it was too hot for any atomic nuclei heavier than Hydrogen to have existed! • When did the first elements form; and which ones were able to form?
Origin of the Elements • Looking back even further in time – before recombination – the universe was even hotter • At a sufficiently early epoch it was too hot for any atomic nuclei heavier than Hydrogen to have existed! • When did the first elements form; and which ones were able to form? ANS: In the “first 3 minutes”; and only Helium!
How Do We Measure W0 ? • Measure (count up) all the matter density in the universe (r0) and compare the value to rc. • Measure distances and redshifts of even more distant galaxies and look for deviations in the Hubble diagram.
Modern Hubble Law implies: W0 = Wm + WL