Chapter 3

1. Chapter 3 Expansion and Diversity: The Rise of Colonial America, 1625-1700

2. Objectives • How and Why did the four regions of English North America develop in such divergent ways in the 17th Century? • Why did indentured servitude evolve into slavery in the plantation colonies, and why did non-plantation colonies have both fewer indentured servants and slaves? • How and Why did Indian-European relations take the courses they did in each colonial region? • Why had England’s North American colonial empire outstripped those of her European rivals by the end of the 17th century?

3. The New England Way • A City on a Hill 1625-1642 • King Charles move to drive all puritan influence from the Anglican church • 1628 Massachusetts Bay Colony formed by Puritan Merchants, Company’s officers and stockholders went with the company • Governor John Winthrop • Mission was to create a “City on a Hill”. • By 1642 15,000 colonists lived in New England

5. The Pequot War 1637 • Pequots resisted as colonial population grew and expanded • Puritans waged war against them that resulted in the founding of Connecticut

6. Dissent and Orthodoxy 1630-1650 • Puritan Orthodoxy is enforced • All residents were required to attend services and pay tithes • 1 teacher for every 50 households to teach children to read the Bible • Harvard College founded to educated teachers in 1636 • Dissenters- Roger Williams preached separation of church and state, Williams was banished and eventually founded Rhode Island (1635). • Anne Hutchinson also banished because she questioned the moral authority of clergy. Migrated to Rhode Island • Main challenge came from merchants that resisted regulation of their businesses

8. Power to the Saints • Puritans had no church hierarchy • Church run by male members and clergy • Only those that could prove their salvation were accepted as members • Male church members were allowed to vote, elected legislative body. • 1641- 55% of Males could vote. More democratic than England or Virginia. • Town meetings were open to all male taxpayers.

9. New England Families • Male was head of the household • Divorce was allowed • Courts disciplined unruly family members that did not fulfill the proper role in the household and community • Women had no property rights • Life expectancy was better in New England and people had larger families • New Englanders farmed, made rum, lumber, fishing, business • Prosperity brought a more materialistic society

11. The Half-Way Covenant 1622 • Puritan membership declined in the 1660’s and led to the signing of the half-way covenant. • Partial church membership for those that agreed to live by the creed of the church.

12. Expansion and the Native Americans 1650-1676 • Indian population declined because of disease and warfare. • Food supply was decrease by expansion of colonists • Some turned to alcohol, some converted to Christianity and moved in with whites • Metacom led an Indian revolt in New England called King Philip’s War. Ended in disaster for the Indians.

13. Salem Witchcraft and the Demise of the New England Way 1691-1693 • Economic resentment, breakdown of religion or community, assertive women may have contributed to the Salem With Trials. • 1691-1962 young girls in Salem accused several of witchcraft including the Governors wife. 20 or more were executed, over 100 were imprisoned before thhe trials came to a close.

15. Chesapeake Society • State and Church in Virginia • Royal Colony • Settlers were granted the right to elect representatives • Charles I agreed to allow the colonists to continue this practice • Bicameral legislature • Anglican Church was official church and settlers paid taxes to the church

16. Maryland • Proprietary Colony • Founded by Lord Calvert as a safe haven for Catholics • Lord Calvin was the proprietor but stayed in England • More Protestants than Catholics settled in Maryland • Act of Religious Toleration- All religious groups tolerated • Protestant controlled legislature repealed the Act.

17. Death, Gender and Kinship • 1700- 90% of immigrants to Chesapeake area were indentured servants. • Life expectancy was 20 years less than New England • Disease and overwork

18. Tobacco Shapes the Region 1630-1670 • Tobacco was the main crop • Large landowners became very wealthy

19. Bacon’s Rebellion 1675-1676 • Resentment of large farmers by small farmers led to Bacon’s Rebellion • Nathanial Bacon started a war with local Indians for the purpose of taking their land for small farmers • The royal governor tried to put down the rebellion and the small farmers revolted against Jamestown, burning it to the ground. • The Rebellion ended when Bacon died

21. Slavery • Africans arrived in Virginia in 1619. • They were originally treated as indentured servants • Slavery eventually replace indentured servants from England

22. The Spread of Slavery: The Caribbean and Carolina • Introduction • 1630-1642 most English immigrants went to the West Indies, Some later resettled in the Carolinas and Virginia and brought their slaves with them. • 1710 Slaves represented a majority of the Carolinas population

23. Sugar and Slaves: The West Indies • Tobacco was the first export mainly produced by white indentured sservants. • Sugar plantations proved more profitable which led to the need for more labor • By 1710 slaves outnumber whites in the West Indies 4-1

24. Rice and Slaves: Carolina • English supporters of Charles II were given a tract of land in America that was named Carolina in his honor • Headright system was adopted • Northern Carolinians cultivated tobacco • Southern Carolinians raised cattle • Carolinans discovered that rice cultivation was profitable • Slaves were shipped to Southern Carolina for the Rice Plantations

25. The Middle Colonies • New Netherland and New Sweden was founded by the Dutch for fur trading • Dutch, Germans, Swedes, Africans • Multiple religious groups • Eventually annexed by Peter Stuyvesant and renamed New Amsterdam

27. English Conquest: New York and the Jerseys • 1664 Charles II gave New Netherland to his bother the Duke of York who changed the name to New York. • Land was granted to land lords, friends of James who became almost as wealthy as the South Carolina planters. • Lord Berkley and Sir Philip Carteret took over the area for King James and it became a royal colony named New Jersey

28. Quaker Pennsylvania • Charles II owed a debt to William Penn so he gave him a huge tract of land in America • Penn was a Quaker and founded the colony on Quaker principles • Founded Philadelphia as a center of trade • Lower Delaware separated in 117044 and formed their own colony

30. Rivals For North America • France claims a Continent • Louis XIV sent 600 settlers yearly into the Ohio Valley, mainly fur traders • French claimed the entire Mississippi Basin and called it Louisiana

31. New Mexico: The Pueblo Revolt • Spain attacked the Pueblo Indians and forced them to convert to Catholicism and work on Encomiendas • 1680 Indian leader name Pope led the Indians in revolt

32. Florida and Texas • Indians revolted repeatedly against Spanish rule • 1680 English from the Carolinas and Creek Indians • French in Louisiana also threatened Spanish • Spain responded by building a settlement in Texas 1716