Global Art (revisited)

1. Global Art (revisited) Chapters 18 and 19

2. The Americas

3. Pre-Columbian • “before Columbus” • Central and South America before the Spanish Conquest (16th century) • divided into 2 broad categories: 1. Mesoamerican (Central) 2. Andean (South)

4. Mesoamerica

6. Ideology • Space divided into… 4 horizontal parts (cross oriented to 4 cardinal directions) 3 vertical parts (Upper World, Lower World, this World) 1 axis through 3 worlds (World Tree) • Mountains connect This World to Upper World • Caves are portals from This World to Lower world

7. Time is cycle of endlessly repeating, measured, and named units • 2 calendars running simultaneously 260-day ritual calendar 365-day solar calendar • Completion of time periods were occasions for erecting buildings and monuments

8. Mesoamerican Chronology Preclassic 1200 BCE – 250 CE Classic 250 CE – 900 CE *Teotihuacan *Maya Postclassic 900 CE – 1520 CE

9. Teotihuacan

10. Teotihuacan “Place of the Gods” • Spread over 8 square miles • At its peak, population numbered 200,000 • Largest and most densely populated city in the ancient Americas • Trade center (over 500 workshops)

11. Avenue of the Dead ceremonial and administrative districts residential complexes beyond

12. Ceremonial Center of Teotihuacan (Fig 631/19-17)

13. Pyramid of the Sun • Stone-faced, rubble and mudbrick core • Oldest and largest building at Teotihuacan • Symbolic mountain (connects heaven and earth) • Cave and spring beneath (underworld entrance)

14. Maya Cracking the Maya Code

15. Andean

17. Chronological Periods • Early Horizon 1000-200 BCE • Early Intermediate 200 BCE-600 CE *Moche • Middle Horizon 600-1000 CE • Late Intermediate 1000-1400 CE • Late Horizon 1400-1535 CE

18. Moche

19. Moche • Cerro Blanco thought to be capitol city • Huaca de la Luna (Pyramid of the Moon) • Huaca del Sol (Pyramid of the Sun) • Architecture in mudbrick

20. Pyramid of the Sun

21. Mudbrick Markers

22. Moche Lord with Feline(Fig634/19-21)

26. c. 290 CE • 5 elite tombs discovered through illegal looting • Most lavish belonged to the “Warrior Priest”

28. “Sacrifice Ceremony”

29. Moche Lord with Feline(Fig634/19-21)

30. Africa

32. Africa • Continent is 3 times the size of the U.S. • Several climates including: desert, grassland, forests, mountains and valleys • 3 types of political organization: small scale societies middle range societies state level (large) societies

33. State Level • Few thousand to hundreds of thousands of people • Organized on principles of divine kingship • Highly centralized rule taking place from a capitol • High population density very settled, sedentary • High level of specialization, distinct class system

34. Ife

35. Ife • Flourished from 800 – 1500 C.E. as a state-level society in West Africa (Nigeria) • Creation myth Olodumare (creator god), 16 lesser deities descended to earth, Oduduwa (1 of the 16) was the founder of Ife and became its first divine king (Oni)

36. Head as seat of Intelligence and Personal strength Double Knot Necklace Beaded Crown Scarification Patterns

37. Head of an Oni(Figure 612/18-30)

39. Benin

40. Benin • Flourished from 1300-1897 C.E. as a state-level society in West Africa (Nigeria) • Society ruled by the divine king (Oba) each a direct descendant of the first Oba, a prince from Ife • Oba assisted by a council known as the Seven Uzama • Olokun, important god, underwater palace is divine counterpart to Oba’s earthly palace

41. Coral beaded crown and necklaces Leopards Mudfish

42. View of Benin City (1668)

43. Bronze plaques covered Benin Palace (900 survive today)

46. 1897 Benin Kingdom (as political entity ended) Restoration of Obasas spiritual leaders continues today.

47. Head of an Oba(Fig 378/13-17) Medium?

48. Obas in the past through today are honored with bronze portrait heads (technique learned from Ife)