Nuclear Weapons Model UN Contest 2009

1. Nuclear WeaponsModel UN Contest 2009 Rachel Hainline Young-Eun Hyun Marsha Sugana

2. The Cuban Missile Crisis: Past or Future? • In October 1962, Russia stationed nuclear missiles in Cuba as a reaction to the United States’ refusal to withdraw the Jupiter and Thor missiles from Turkey • Nuclear War was only narrowly avoided through a hasty agreement

3. It Continues Today • Russia has threatened to station strategic bombers in Cuba, just like in 1962, if the United States continues to build a missile defense system in Eastern Europe

4. What are Nuclear Weapons? • An explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions • Nuclear Fission Reaction • Atomic bombs • Nuclear Fusion Reaction • Thermonuclear Weapons • Hydrogen bombs • Commonly referred to as Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)‏

5. Thermonuclear Bombs

6. Nuclear Weapons Delivery • Technology and systems used to take a nuclear weapon to its target • Dropped from bomber aircraft • Hiroshima and Nagasaki • Missiles • Ballistic – long range • Intercontinental (ICBM)‏ • Submarine-launched (SLBM)‏

7. Countries with Current Nuclear Capabilities • United States • Russia • United Kingdom • France • China • India • Pakistan • North Korea • Israel

8. United States • Currently has 4,075 operational nuclear warheads • One of the 5 recognized nuclear weapons states under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)‏ • Only country ever to have used nuclear weapons during a conflict • Hiroshima and Nagasaki • Still producing small-scale warheads at Los Alamos National Laboratory (Resumed in 2007)‏

9. United Kingdom • Has less than 200 warheads • Recognized as a nuclear weapons state by the NPT • Only in possession of nuclear-armed submarines (No air-delivered weapons)‏

10. France • Has about 348 nuclear warheads as of May 2008 • Carried on 60 bombers, 10 aircraft, and 4 nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines (SSBN)‏ • Ceased production of plutonium and highly enriched plutonium in 1992 and 1996, respectively

11. China • Nuclear stockpile size unknown • Recognized as a nuclear weapon state by the NPT • States that its nuclear doctrine is based on “no-first use” (only as a deterrent to foreign aggression)‏ • Last test was July 29, 1996 • Provided Pakistan with a nuclear bomb design (used in China’s October 1966 test) – these were passed to Libya by the A.Q. Khan network and discovered in 2004 by IAEA inspectors

12. Current Plan of Action: International Nuclear Bank • Under the control of the IAEA • Offers states in compliance with non-proliferation obligations access to a nuclear fuel reserve • Announced by Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI) and Warren Buffet in Sept. 2006 • Contributions: • Warren Buffet (NTI) - $50 Million (Contingent on IAEA receiving an additional $100 Million from other countries)‏ • US - $50 Million • European Union - 25 Million Euros (about $32 Million)‏ • United Arab Emirates - $10 Million • Norway - $5 Million • Total of about $97 Million ($3 Million left to raise)‏

13. Pakistan • Believed to have 580-800 kg of Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU) • Enough to build 30-50 fission bombs • In possession of about 60 nuclear warheads, as of 2007 • Not a signatory to the NPT or the CTBT • States that nuclear weapons are for deterring a conventional Indian attack • Joined IAEA in August 2008

14. India • Started its nuclear explosives program in 1968 • Following a test of a nuclear device in May 1974 and 5 other tests in May 1998, India declared itself a nuclear weapons state • Probably has enough plutonium for at least 100 warheads • So far has about 50-60 warheads • Not a member of the NPT • Allowed to engage in international nuclear trade after the Indo-US nuclear cooperation agreement

15. October 1st 2008 • Provides U.S. assistance to India's civilian nuclear energy program • Expands U.S.-India cooperation in energy and satellite technology

16. Israel • 6th nation (1st in Middle East) to develop and acquire nuclear weapons capability • However, has never confirmed or denied nuclear status • Not party to the NPT • Estimated 100-200 nuclear warheads • Nuclear weapons as deterrent to foreign attack, especially by other Middle Eastern nations

17. North Korea • First and only test of nuclear device – October 9, 2006 (after withdrawal from NPT)‏ • Six-Party talks on and off in 2003, 2005, and 2008 • Current nuclear capabilities relatively unknown • Confirmed that the Yongbyon nuclear facility had been shut down on July 14, 2007 • Submitted its nuclear declaration on June 26, 2008 and destroyed the cooling tower a reactor

18. Russia • First successful atomic bomb test in 1949 after starting the nuclear weapons program during WW II • Recognized as a nuclear weapons state by NPT • Has around 4,138 nuclear warheads as of July 2008 • In possession of 735-1,365 metric tons of highly enriched uranium and 106-156 metric tons of military-use plutonium

19. The US Missile Defense System • The US is currently making plans to construct a missile defense and radar system in Eastern Europe, close to Russia • There are plans for ten missile silos in Poland and a radar system in the Czech Republic, in addition to missiles and radar systems in the continental US and in the US Navy • This is causing high tension between the US and Russia, such as Russian threats to deploy missiles and bombers to Cuba

20. Past Treaties Addressing the Use of Nuclear Weapons • Treaty of Pelindaba (1996)– Organization of African Unity. Prohibits development, testing, stockpiling, dumping of radioactive waste or stationing of nuclear devices on African land • Treaty of Tlatelolco (1967)– banned testing, acquiring, deployment, or development of nuclear weapons in Latin America • Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (1968)– prohibits signing countries from attempting to or acquiring nuclear weapons if they don’t already possess them; countries that are in violation choose not to sign on • Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties (1972, 1979)– treaties between the US and USSR limiting the number of nuclear weapons and infrastructure ( 1986 US repudiated)‏ • Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (1996)– prohibits any kind of test detonation above or below land or underwater; not signed by India, Pakistan, or N Korea • Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (1991, 1993)– set to decrease number of nuclear warheads in US and USSR; however number gradually increases • Treaty of Moscow, or the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (SORT) (2002)-- The US and Russia would be limited to 1,700 to 2,200 strategic nuclear warheads apiece by 2012; can keep warheads detached from missiles

21. Nuclear War • Possibility of Nuclear War is very slim • Nuclear weapons are a political prop, used to gain negotiating power and legitimacy • Therefore the UN needs to take action to stop nuclear weapons development and use, because it is expensive, violent, and unnecessary

22. Our Goals • Halt current production, development, and deployment of nuclear weapons • Encourage non-proliferation and decreasing/ destroying weapons arsenals without replacing or maintaining them • Keep countries who currently do not possess nuclear weapons or infrastructure from developing or attaining them.

23. Hiroshima August 9, 1945

24. Bibliography • nti.org/index.php ( we used the whole website, rather than a few articles)‏ • The Economist: • The Washington Post, “Russian Bombers Could Be Deployed to Cuba” July 22, 2008 • hiroshima-remembered.com • atomicarchive.com (whole website)‏ • Los Angeles Times: • The New York Times Magazine: “Obama’s Worst Pakistan Nightmare” January 11, 2009 • BBC News, August 20, 2008 “ Q+A US Missile Defence”