Aftermath of the Persian Wars:

1. Aftermath of the Persian Wars: In the Fifth Century democratic Athens built an empire in the Aegean and ushered in a Golden Age of Greek culture . . . but what was the cost?

2. Spartan Society • Had 3 Social Groups • Equals - land divided equally among these citizens and their families • Half-Citizens - no political power, but were free and served in the army • Helots - were slaves who worked the ground

3. Athenian Society • Had 3 Social Groups • Citizens - were all Athenian-born men, they could be rich aristocrats or poor farmers • Metics - non-citizens born outside of Athens, could not take part in government • Slaves were at the bottom

4. Results of Persian Wars • Greeks in Asia Minor now free of Persian rule • Persians still meddled in Greek affairs • Athenians rebuilt Athens and entered period of cultural achievement • Threat of invasion still persisted which drove need for Greek unity • Athens wanted the leadership in this new Greek State • Sparta tended to keep to itself after the victory • Athenians win through diplomacy with Delian League • Delian League - alliance of city-states with Athens as leader

5. Athenians besiege Sestos The Ionian rejection of Spartan leadership and the rise of Athens because • Spartan forces returned home after Mykale in 479 B.C., did not take part in siege of Sestos

6. Themistocles and the Rebuilding ofAthens’ Wall • Sparta, a land power did not want Athens to have a wall that could resist her armies • Themistocles needed to “trick” the Spartans while the Athenians hurriedly rebuilt the walls • Followed by the fortification of the Piraeus, Athens’ port • 􀂄 “ . . . The great start which the Athenians would gain in the acquisition of power by becoming a naval power” (Th. 1.93.3; Strassler, • 51

7. Continued need for a Greek alliance • After the defeat of the Persian Empire in 479 B.C. Greek cities in the Aegean and on the coast of Asia Minor (modern Turkey) needed protection

8. Pausanias • 􀂄 In 478 B.C. Pausanias and the Peloponnesians rejoin the anti-Persian expedition • 􀂄 Cyprus • 􀂄 Byzantium • 􀂄 Misbehavior of Pausanias in Ionia • 􀂄 Pausanias’ “medizing” (or affecting Persian monarchical ways) • 􀂄 Pausanias recalled, Dorcis rebuffed • 􀂄 Ionians ask Athenians to lead them

9. Sparta, previously the strongest state, was unacceptable as a leader

10. Athenians Alliance established at Delos • 477 B.C. Official name: “The • Athenians and Their Allies” • Purposes 􀂄 Protect Greek cities, especially in Asia and the Aegean 􀂄 Ravage the King’s territory and acquire booty (Homeric!) 􀂄 A hegemonic alliance 􀂄 Athens permanent military leader 􀂄 States autonomous 􀂄 Synod at Delos, ~150 poleis

11. Ships and Money 􀂄 Allies contributed ships or money 􀂄 Up to 640 talents of “tribute” (phoros) collected 􀂄 1 Talent = 25.86 kg/56.89 lbs of silver or 15 years wages’ of a labourer 􀂄 Greek triremes 􀂄 170 oarsmen, 20 sailors, 10 marines (hoplites) 􀂄 Each paid a drachma (day’s wage) a day 􀂄 Cost of maintenance: 1 talent per year

12. The large Athenian fleet formed the core of the allied force • Other important states also contributed ships but followed Athenian direction • Smaller states contributed money instead

13. At a meeting on the island of Delos, Athens organized the maritime states into an alliance

14. The Delian League • Athens was the permanent leader of this alliance, called “the Delian League” by modern scholars

15. Aims of the Delian League • The Delian League is the modem name given to the alliance of Greek states in the Aegean that was formed against Persia after the Persian Wars. The Greeks themselves called it "Athens and their allies". The aims of the League were: • Liberate Greek city-states still under Persian rule. • Gain power and wealth for Athens (as implied by Thucydides). • Compensate themselves for the losses suffered during the Persian Wars. • Maintain the freedom of Greeks from the Persians.

16. From League to Empire • Gradually Athens started to use the league more and more for her own purposes, not just to protect the Aegean states from Persia

17. Selective Examples of Growing AthenianPower Persian governor driven out of Eion in the Northern Aegean 􀂄 Athens keeps the strategic site for herself (later the colony of Amphipolis) Pirates cleared out of Scyrus 􀂄 Athens settles her citizens there Athens attacks Medizing state of Carystus 􀂄 Forces city into the league as a subject, tribute-paying state

18. Athenian Motives and Policy • Importance of “the corn (grain) route” 􀂄 Sestos, earlier holdings on Lemnos, newly acquired Skyros, and Carystus are all stopping points on this trade route

19. When states tried to leave the league, Athens attacked them and reduced them from allies to subjects

20. Naxos: Crisis in the Alliance League forces have been used for Athenian gain 􀂄 What is the alliance for? Who is it benefiting? 􀂄 Naxos, an important ship contributing ally, tried to leave the Delian League Athens besieges Naxos 􀂄 Captures city, tears down walls 􀂄 Confiscates Naxian fleet Reduces Naxos to a subject, tribute-paying state

21. Many allies lost their fleets to Athens and became tribute paying allies

22. Division in Greece • In opposition to the Athenian Empire, Sparta maintained a mainland alliance called the Peloponnesian League

23. Sparta was an oligarchy as were many of her allies, but in some ways she allowed her allies more freedom than democratic Athens allowed her subjects • The irony of “democratic imperialism”

24. Greece became divided into two hostile parties • Eventually Athens and Sparta fought a long war called the Peloponnesian War

25. Athenian Empire (purple) and Sparta & allies (pink)

26. The Delian League Thasos Delos Naxos Melos

27. Eurymedon Cimon leads a Delian force against the Persians along the southern coast of Anatolia 􀂄 Spoil used to fortify the Acropolis and begin the Long Walls 􀂄 Defeats the Persian navy at the mouth of the Eurymedon River, advances inland and destroys a Persian force and captures its camp

29. Summary • Fifty Years Chronicling the Growth of Athenian • Power. Aftermath of the Persian Wars, the Delian League becomes the Athenian Empire. Eion, Scyrus, and Carystus—the grain route. • Naxos and Thasos rebel; pretexts and the Spartan declaration of war.