Presentation Transcript

1. Chapter 7

   The Southern Colonies
2. Settlement of the South In 1606, the king of England granted the Virginia Company a charter allowing settlement of the Chesapeake Bay region. By 1607, Virginia became the first permanent English colony in North America. By the 1730s, the English had settled the remaining colonies in the South- Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia.
3. Maryland
4. Maryland Founded by the Calverts, a family of wealthy English landowners. They were Catholic They wanted to build a colony in North America that not only made money but also provided a safe place for Catholics. Like English Quakers, they could not worship as they wanted.
5. Maryland George Calvert, the first Lord of Baltimore, had been a member of the Virginia Company. He had purchased a large amount of land on the large island of Newfoundland (now in Canada). His goal was to establish a colony there, but found the climate too cold and the soil to rocky. In 1628, with Lady Baltimore, he traveled south to the Chesapeake Bay region.
6. Maryland In the Chesapeake Bay region, they found a site where the climate was mild and the soil was rich. King Charles I signed the final colonial charter two months after George Calvert died in 1632. The king gave the charter to Cecilius Calvert, George’s oldest son and the second Lord Baltimore. He named the new colony Maryland in honor of Queen Henrietta Maria (the wife of Charles I).
7. Maryland In 1633, Cecilius Calvert’s first group of colonists left England. They established Saint Marys (later known as Saint Marys City) not far from the mouth of the Potomac River.
8. Maryland Cecilius Calvert appointed his brother, Leonard Calvert, as the governor of Maryland. Leonard had learned about the unfortunate experiences of earlier colonists He planned ahead and prevented the Maryland colonists from suffering a period of starvation. He also knew that Jamestown was nearby in case the new settlement needed supplies or help.
9. Maryland The Calverts granted some colonists large pieces of land They used the land to start tobacco plantations. Some of the colonists going to Maryland were indentured servants. Most were men between the ages of 18 and 22. Many were Europeans who wanted to move to the colonies but had little or no money to pay for their travels.
10. Maryland The indentured servants in Maryland had it much easier than some others who went to other colonies to live and work. When their time of service was finished, they were legally free. Colonial leaders helped them start their own farms. They received 50 acres of land, a suit of clothes, an ax, two hoes, and three barrels of corn.
11. Maryland From the beginning, Maryland’s leaders welcomed many different religious groups. In 1649, the Maryland assembly passed the Toleration Act. It was the first law in North America that allowed all Christians to worship as they wished. Maryland became known throughout the English colonies for its religious freedom.
12. The Carolinas The Southern Colonies of Virginia and Maryland continued to grow during the 1600s. In 1663, King Charles II (the son of King Charles I) granted land for another colony Between Virginia and Spanish Florida
13. The Carolinas The charter divided the colony, known as Carolina, among eight English nobles, known as the Lords Proprietors. Even before the charter was granted, colonists from Virginia had been building villages and were forming in the northern part of the area that became the Carolina Colony. After 1663, colonists from England and the Caribbean, as well as the Huguenots from France, came to settle there.
14. The Carolinas The Huguenots were Protestants forced to leave their country by the French king because of their different religious beliefs.
15. The Carolinas One of the first actions the Lords Proprietors took was to set up a government. They chose a Virginian, William Drummond, to be governor. Then, in 1669, the Lords Proprietors wrote a constitution. It was called the Fundamental Constitution of Carolina. Allowed colonists to make some laws for themselves, but it kept most of the authority in the hands of the King of England.
16. The Carolinas The colonists tried raising different cash crops. The climate was good for agriculture and the soil was fertile. At first, they planted tobacco, grapes and cotton These crops did not do as well as expected. They had more luck raising cattle and trapping animals for their fur, but they still searched for a cash crop. When they found the “true way of raising and husking rice,” they began to prosper. They also produced naval stores.
17. The Carolinas As the population grew, Carolina became more difficult to govern. In 1712, the northern two thirds of the colony were divided into two colonies- North Carolina and South Carolina. North Carolina was hilly It continued to develop as a colony of small farms. South Carolina was on the flat Coastal Plain It had larger plantations.
18. The Carolinas The main cash crop on many of South Carolina’s plantations were rice. On drier land, where rice could not grow, landowners found they could grow indigo plants. The dye was widely used in the cloth-making process of the 1700s.
19. The Carolinas Indigo became an important cash crop after Eliza Lucas Pinckney (a 17 year old daughter of a plantation owner) experimented with the plant. She spent several years growing different kinds of indigo. By 1744, samples of the dye made form her plants were of excellent quality. She gave her indigo seeds to neighbors and friends. Within a few years, South Carolina plantation owners were selling a million pounds of indigo a year to cloth makers in Europe.
20. The Carolinas The plantations of South Carolina required many workers. Since there were not enough workers available, many landowners bought enslaved Africans. The coastal settlement of Charles Town (later renamed Charleston) became the most important seaport, social center, and slave market in the Southern colonies.
21. Georgia The southern one-third of what had originally been Carolina was not settled by English colonists until 1733. A year earlier, King George II had given James Oglethorpe and 19 partners a charter to settle Georgia, a colony they named for the king. Oglethorpe was an English general and lawmaker. This charter gave them the right to settle the region between the Savannah and Altamaha Rivers for 21 years.
22. Georgia Oglethorpe and his partners hoped that Georgia would strengthen England’s claim to the land. At the time, Spain, France and England all claimed what became the Georgia colony. Oglethorpe also had the idea of bringing over debtors to settle the colony. In the 1700s, most debtors were imprisoned for not paying back money.
23. Georgia Oglethorpe offered each settler 50 acres of land plus a bonus of another 50 acres for every debtor that the settler brought along to help with the work of setting up the colony. He hoped that once they were out of prison, they would better themselves with hard work. He thought that settling them in Georgia would answer this social problem.
24. Georgia In 1733, Oglethorpe and a group of more than 100 settlers established Savannah. During the first year, to keep the colony fairly small, he limited the amount of land a person could own. To avoid conflicts with the Native Americans, he forbade trade with them. He also did not allow slave traders to bring enslaved Africans to the colony. Because of this, there were no plantations- only small farms.
25. Georgia In 1752, control of Georgia passed from Oglethorpe and his partners back to the king (making it a royal colony) Slavery then became legal. As a result, plantations growing cash crops quickly began to develop and Georgia landowners began to prosper. Their way of life became similar to that in the other Southern Colonies. Rice became the most profitable cash crop. Some Georgia planters became so wealthy from growing rice that they were able to own a house in a nearby town in addition to the one they had on the plantation.
26. Virginia Grows and Changes By the 1730s, the Virginia Colony continued to grow and change. By 1700, Virginia had become the largest English colony in North America. Because the population continued to grow, more and more settlers moved from the coastal areas of Virginia into the Piedmont, the Great Valley and the mountains of western Virginia. Settlers from Pennsylvania also continued to move into these areas.
27. Virginia Grows and Changes In the 1700s, transportation improved throughout the Virginia Colony. It became easier to travel between the coastal areas and the western part of the colony. Indian trails became small roads Pack horses could carry supplies. These roads soon widened and became wagon roads. Ferry boats crossed rivers to transport passengers, livestock, tobacco and other goods. When the ferries became very busy, the Virginia General Assembly voted to build bridges across some of the rivers.
28. Virginia Grows and Changes The General Assembly was made up of: The Virginia Governor, The Governor’s Council, and The Members of the House of Burgesses. While more people were in Virginia were moving west, changes were also happening along the coast. In 1699, because of fires and other problems in Jamestown, the House of Burgesses moved to Williamsburg (which became the colony’s new capital). By the mid-1700s, Williamsburg was a large, well-planned city.
29. Virginia Grows and Changes Williamsburg became the political, social and cultural center of the Virginia Colony. It was the home to many firsts for the colony. First theater built in 1716. First successful printing press was set up there in 1728. The first newspaper in the colony, The Virginia Gazette (1736) Remained Virginia’s most important city for much of the 1700s.
30. Section 2 Southern Plantations
31. Southern Plantations Plantations grew as the towns and cities in the 13 English colonies grew. Especially in the Southern Colonies! Planters were able to grow large amounts of cash crops, more than on small farms. Planters acquired as much land as they could in order to grow more and more crops to sell.
32. The Plantation Economy As early as the time that the first English colonists settled Jamestown, plantations became an important element of the economy of the Southern Colonies. They started more plantations as planters learned to grow more cash crops well, such as: Tobacco Rice indigo
33. The Plantation Economy The earliest plantations were usually built in the rich soil of the southern tidewater. Waterways in the area made it easy for the boats to get crops to the market. Crop buyers from England traveled the waterways with English-made goods, such as: Shoes Lace Thread Farm tools Dishes The planters bartered (traded) crops for these goods.
34. Plantation Economy Owners of the largest plantations most often sold their cash crops through a broker. Planters sent their crops to England together with a list of things they wanted the broker to buy there for them. The broker sold the crops in England, bought what the planter wanted and sent the goods back to the colonies.
35. Plantation Problems To raise more crops, planters had to keep clearing new land. Crops like tobacco ruined the fertile soil in only a few years. As land wore out near the coast, planters began to move up the rivers to higher land. There, they built even larger plantations.
36. Plantation Workers On small farms, every member of the family worked long hours They worked hard making sure the crops were planted, harvested, stored and shipped to market. The same was true for small plantations. As plantations grew in size, planters added more workers to do the hard labor. In time, the main job of the planter’s family was to watch over the work of others.
37. Plantation Workers Many of the earliest plantation workers came to the colonies as indentured servants. However, not all indentured servants came willingly. Some were sent by the English courts to work in the colonies to pay for their crimes as a form of punishment. Other indentured servants were people who had been kidnapped and then sold in the colonies against their will.
38. Plantation Workers Among the first indentured servants to be sold in the English colonies were kidnapped Africans. After the mid-1600s, traders were bringing thousands of Africans not as indentured servants, but as slaves. Slaves were sold like property at an auction. Unlike indentured servants, slaves were not given their freedom after a certain amount of time. They were enslaved for life. Children of slaves were also slaves by law.
39. A Slave’s Life There were generally two types of slaves: Field slaves House slaves. Field slaves worked hard in the fields, raising cash crops for the planters to sell. Some slave owners hired overseers to watch the field slaves and punish them if they did not work hard.
40. A Slave’s Life House slaves had more contact with the planter and their family. They were often clothed, fed and housed better than field slaves. Women house slaves: Did all the washing Cooking Cleaning And sewing. Male house slaves: Drove carriages Took care of horses Practiced skills such as carpentry. Children house slaves: Were often playmates of the planters’ children (while they were young).
41. A Slave’s Life Slaves were treated well or cruelly (depending on their owners). Some planters took pride in being fair and kind Some were very cruel. There was little protection for slaves with cruel masters. Planters were free to beat, whip or insult any slave as often as they chose to do so. These slaves looked only to escape or resist their cruel treatment.
42. A Slave’s Life Laws in the colonies forbade slaves to learn to read or write. By the age of 10, most enslaved children were working alongside the adults. Worked very long days working At night, slaves often told stories and sang songs about their homeland. Later, the Christian religion became a source of strength for slaves as they tried to deal with the hardships of slave life. Some expressed their belief in the Christian religion by singing spirituals.
43. A Planter’s Life Plantations in the South were often far from one another and far from any towns. Weeks or months could go by without visitors and without news about current events. For this reason, visitors were always welcome! Because people lived so far apart, there were few schools. Southern planters were among the best-educated people in the 13 colonies. Some plantations had their own schools for the planters’ children and some hired teachers from Europe.
44. A Planter’s Life Later, sons might go to Europe to study and complete their education. Girls stopped going to school by the age of 12 or 13 because planters’ daughters were supposed to learn only basic skills and “to read and sew with their needle.”
45. A Planter’s Life A planter and his wife were responsible for running a business and taking care of all of the people on the plantation. They had to clothe, feed and provide medical care By the 1740s, a large plantation household (family, servants and slaves) often numbered in the hundreds.
46. A Planter’s Life Besides taking care of a plantation, a planter’s duties also included public service. Could mean serving as a judge or as a representative in the colonial assembly. Some served as advisors to the governor. Some performed all of these duties. This tradition of public service may explain why so many planters became leaders in the 13 English colonies.
47. Section 3 Southern Cities
48. Southern Cities The Southern Colonies generally had fewer towns and cities than the Middle Atlantic and New England Colonies. This was because planters and farmers wanted to spread out over as much land as possible. They wanted to use the land to grow crops and were not interested in building towns.
49. Southern Cities By the mid-1700s, though, some settlements had grown into large towns and even cities. Charles Town Wilmington Norfolk Baltimore And Savannah. They all had good harbors, and they grew because of trade.
50. Trade Ports Some settlers who lived inland brought their goods to port cities, where it was easy to find buyers. They sometimes traded their goods for imports that came from ships from Europe and other places. They imported tea, coffee and pepper They also imported luxury items like furniture, silverware and medicine.
51. Trade Ports Many people in southern cities worked in the trade business, which helped the cities grow. Other people worked in other kinds of businesses. Fishers Hatmakers Tailors Printers. Young people learned jobs by becoming apprentices. They would move in as an apprentice with the family of a skilled worker and help in the family’s business for several years. In this way, the young person learned a skill.
52. Charles Town Charles Town, South Carolina became the largest city in the Southern Colonies. In 1688, there were only about 300 people living there. 20 years later, in 1708, the population had grown to about 6,000 people. From 1670 to the mid-1700s, Charles Town was the center of life in South Carolina.
53. Charles Town During this time, most of the people lived in Charles Town or in the area around it. Many residents of Charles Town enjoyed a social life that included: Dancing, Seeing plays, and Attending races and concerts. Merchants and planers had the most power in society. Many wealthy planters in SC lived in Charles Town during the months when insects infested the wetlands on the plantations where rice was grown.
54. Other Southern Ports The port city of Wilmington, North Carolina was started in the 1720s after colonists from South Carolina began moving north along the Atlantic coast to the Cape Fear River. They were looking for fertile soil for establishing plantations. Instead, they found lots of trees. They brought workers to cut the trees and to build sawmills. They produced naval stores. From the port at Wilmington, the settlers shipped naval stores and lumber to England as exports.
55. Wilmington, North Carolina Wilmington’s location on the Cape Fear River helped it prosper. The river is deep enough to be used by large ships and it flows directly into the Atlantic Ocean. Immigrants also helped Wilmington grow and prosper. They came from other colonies and from parts of Europe. Some of the town’s earliest settlers came from northern Scotland. The first Africans to come to Wilmington were brought as slaves. Eventually, free Africans also lived there. Some were farmers. Others worked as: Painters Tailors Carpenters, and Blacksmiths.
56. Other Coastal Towns Grew Too… Savannah became the Georgia Colony’s chief port. It also served as the capital city of Georgia until the late 1700s. Norfolk, Virginia grew because it served as a port where tobacco and naval stores were shipped to England. Lumber from North Carolina was also sent to Norfolk to be shipped out to England.
57. Other Southern Ports Baltimore, Maryland was founded in 1729 on the Patapsco River, which flows into the Chesapeake Bay. It prospered because a port was needed for the growing amounts of grain and tobacco being produced in Maryland and other nearby colonies. It quickly became a major port and a center for shipbuilding. Baltimore’s shipyards later became well known for improving the way ships were built.
58. County Seats As more people in the Southern Colonies moved inland in search of more farmland, some inland towns developed and grew. Most of these towns were county seats. Over time, planters and farmers who once used brokers or brought their crops to trade in coastal cities began to depend more and more on county seats as a place to trade.
59. County Seats Several times a year, plantation and farm families would pack their bags, dress in their finest clothes and travel to the county seat. People went to church, held dances and traded crops for goods there. Some plantation owners bought and sold slaves there. Most county seats had: A general store, A courthouse, and A jail. White men who owned land and other property met at the county seat to make laws and to vote for leaders.