Cold War Beginnings: From Soviet Takeover to Containment

1. UNIT 14 THE COLD WAR AND THE USSR TO 1995 Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

2. 14.1 The Cold War Begins Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

3. Soviet Takeover of Eastern Europe • By 1948 Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Albania, Czechoslovakia and Eastern Germany were communist. • Buffer states protected the motherland. • These nations followed the Stalin model of economic control. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

4. What was the Cold War? • A battle of words, propaganda and intimidation. • U.S.S.R. and the United States competed for dominance. • Proxy wars erupted: Korean and Vietnam. • Characterized by a nuclear arms race and military alliances. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

5. Background Causes • 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. • The US was hostile to Russia for taking her out of WWI. • The totalitarian nature of Stalin’s regime. • Stalin and Roosevelt had opposing aims. • The US refusal to share nuclear secrets with Russia. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

6. Causes of Tension • The United States has free elections, is democratic and Capitalist, “survival of the fittest” and personal freedom. • Soviet Union had no elections or fixed elections, it was Autocratic and Communist, the NKVD (secret police) and few personal freedoms. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

7. Steps Leading to the Cold War • Communist Revolution. • Russian Industrial Revolution created uneasiness in the West. • The Yalta Conference. • Hiroshima and Nagasaki greatly increased mistrust. • Igor Gouzenko defected to Canada. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

8. Effects of these Developments • International relations were dominated by the Cold War. • Capitalist west and the communist east. • Germany would be divided. • The USSR tightened its control over Eastern European states. • The US abandoned its policy of isolationism. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

9. 14.2 Historiography of the Cold War Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

10. Why did they become rivals? • Soviet Perspectives. • The Traditionalists. • The Revisionists. • The Post-Revisionists. • Post-1991. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

11. 14.3 China Becomes A Communist Nation Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

12. Mao Zedong • Adapted Marxist theory to a primarily agricultural society. • The Chinese Workers and Peasants’ Red Army. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

13. The Long March 1934-35 • Retreat of the Communists started in October, 1934. • 87 000 soldiers carried what they could. • 9000 kilometer, 368 day Long March. • One of the great physical feats of the Twentieth Century. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

14. The People’s Republic of China • October 1, 1949 the People’s Republic of China is formed. • China was many years behind the world’s post-war powers. • Towns had high unemployment. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

15. Social Reforms • The Agrarian Reform Law (1950). • The Marriage Reform Law (1950). • The Three Anti Movement (1951). • The Five Anti Movement (1951). Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

16. Economic Reforms • 1953-1957: First Five Year Plan. • 1958-1962: Second Five Year Plan (The Great Leap Forward). Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

17. The Cultural Revolution • Mao’s attempt to reassert his authority over the CCP. • “Little Red Book.” • The Four Olds (Thought, Culture, Customs and Habits.) Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

18. Reaction of the United States • Great fear that Communism was spreading. • Assumed the victory had been inspired by Moscow. • More eager to accept the policy of containment. • McCarthyism. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

19. 14.4 Foreign Policy: Containment Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

20. Phase 1: Containment 1947-49 • 1947: Truman Doctrine. Marshall Aid. • 1948: Berlin blockade. Allies respond with the Berlin airlift. • 1949: NATO. USSR exploded her first atomic bomb. China became Communist. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

21. Elements of Containment • The Truman Doctrine. • Containment. • The Marshall Plan. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

22. Soviet Response to Marshall Plan • Bilateral trade agreements with Communist nations. • The Cominform was established. • The Berlin Blockade. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

23. The Berlin Blockade (1948) • US, Britain and France united their zones of occupation. • Stalin closed all entrances to West Berlin • Lasted 318 days. • 275 000 Allied flights carried in 1 ½ million tones of supplies. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

24. Consequences of Containment • By 1949, Europe was divided into two rival camps. • Truman ordered the development of a hydrogen bomb. • A peace treaty with Japan was proposed. • The US became the ‘world policeman’. • McCarthyism erupted in 1948. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

25. How Successful Was it? • Capitalist western European states. • Marshall Aid resulted in economic growth for many people in Western Europe. • Territorially, communism made no gains. • Communist parties were doing less well. • Korea was partly a success. • China was the biggest failure. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

26. 14.5 Foreign Policy: Coexistence Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

27. Phase 2: Coexistence 1950-68 • 1950: Korean War began. • 1952: U.S. exploded her first hydrogen bomb. • 1953: Korean War ended. USSR exploded her first hydrogen bomb. Stalin dies. Khrushchev becomes first secretary. • 1955: Warsaw Pact is established. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

28. Phase 2: Coexistence • 1956: Khrushchev calls for “peaceful co-existence.” • 1957: Sputnik. USSR successfully tests an ICBM. • 1959: Cuba becomes Communist. • 1960: US embargo on exports to Cuba. John F. Kennedy becomes U.S. President. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

29. Phase 2: Coexistence • 1961: “Bay of Pigs”. The Berlin Wall is built. • 1963: Huge increase of American aid to Vietnam. Nuclear Test Ban Treaty is signed. • 1964: Brezhnev. China explodes its first atomic bomb. • 1965: US marines are sent to South Vietnam for combat. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

30. Phase 2: Coexistence • 1966: US troops in Vietnam rises to 389 000. • 1967: International treaty banning nuclear weapons from outer space. China tests a hydrogen bomb. • 1968: USSR invades Czechoslovakia. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty is signed. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

31. The Korean War 1950-53 • China remained commercially isolated from the West and out of the United Nations for 22 years. • China gained prestige. • South Korea remained non-communist. • Money needed for reconstruction had been diverted to war. • US and Europe rearmed. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

32. Massive Retaliation • Prevent the spread of Soviet influence, balance the budget. • Shifted to US nuclear arsenal and covert intelligence. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

33. Domino Theory • If one country fell to communism, others would also fall. • Nuclear warheads greatly increased. • B-52 bomber was developed. • Funding for the KGB and the CIA increased. • Any incident could potentially lead to an all out war. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

34. Peaceful Coexistence • Khrushchev announced “peaceful coexistence.” • Warsaw Pact was created. • US-USSR relations improved. • Mao opposed ‘peaceful co-existence.’ • Soviet Communist party was weakened. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

35. Sputnik • Soviets jumped into the lead of the space race. • Soviet missiles could now hit anywhere on the planet. • Kennedy promised that Americans would land on the moon. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

36. Mutually Assured Destruction • Depended on the maintenance of a sizable nuclear arsenal. • Fear of a counter-strike would prevent either side from using their weapons. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

37. The Berlin Wall • The Russians claimed Americans used West Berlin for spying. • Comparisons of East and West would cease. • Stop the flow of East German citizens. • Berlin was split in two. • Tension grew as both sides started nuclear testing. • The West became more anti-communist. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

38. The Cuban Missile Crisis 1961-62 • The Bay of Pigs. • Hot-line was established. • The first test ban treaty was signed. • The USSR began a huge military buildup. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

39. Cuban Missile Crisis • The US cut off all diplomatic and trade relations with Cuba. • Khrushchev’s loss of prestige contributed to his fall. • Both sides were more careful in the future. • Cuba remained a Communist dictatorship. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

40. The Vietnam War 1964-75 • The US had lost its first war in History. • America’s military could not stop the spread of Communism. • The US tried to improve their relations with China. • Leaders determined there would be “no more Vietnams.” Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

41. 14.6 Foreign Policy: Détente Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

42. Phase 3: Détente 1970-1979 • 1969: SALT talks begin. • 1970: U.S.-Soviet Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty is signed. US withdraws 150 000 troops from Vietnam. • 1971: Khrushchev dies. UN admits China. • 1972: Nixon goes to Moscow. Nixon visits Mao. SALT I. • 1973: Last US soldier leaves Vietnam. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

43. Phase 3: Détente • 1975: The Helsinki Conference. • 1977: The US and USSR agree to limit the production and deployment of nuclear weapons over the next five years. • 1979: Gorbachev joins the Politburo. Soviets invade Afghanistan. • 1980: The US imposes a grain embargo on the USSR. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

44. The Nixon Doctrine • Defense and development of allies and friends” • “future of those friends to the nations themselves.” • Status quo without US involvement in local disputes. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

45. Détente • ‘Relaxation of tension.’ • Both sides wanted to slow down the arms race. • The US wanted to avoid becoming overtaxed in Vietnam. • The USSR wanted to settle its western frontiers so it could face the Chinese threat. • There was a desire to improve Soviet standards of living. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

46. Challenges to Détente • Efforts to monitor human rights in the USSR were suppressed. • NATO countries agreed to increase defense contributions. • USSR was involved in Angola, Mozambique and Ethiopia. • Vietnam invaded and occupied Cambodia. • USSR invaded Afghanistan. • The Star Wars Program. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

47. Consequences of Détente • Trade between the US and USSR increased rapidly. • The Helsinki Agreement. • Co-operation in pollution control, cancer and heart disease research. • Space co-operation increased. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

48. Why the Collapse of Détente? • The US and USSR had not changed. Tension remained. • The US felt that the Soviets were exploiting détente. • US fell behind in both nuclear and conventional forces. Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

49. 14.7 The End of the Cold War Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

50. The Collapse of Communism • 1985: Gorbachev became General Secretary and called for economic reforms (Perestroika). • 1986: Chernobyl disaster. U.S./Soviet Summit. • 1987: Gorbachev named ‘Man of the Year’ by TIME. US /Soviet summit in Washington Unit 14 IB History of Europe - McQuaid