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STAGE 1 – Acquisition of Lombardy PLOMBIERES PACT

STAGE 1 – Acquisition of Lombardy PLOMBIERES PACT July 1858, secret meeting between Cavour & Napoleon Agreed France would support Piedmont in war against Austria but only if it looked like Austria had provoked war

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STAGE 1 – Acquisition of Lombardy PLOMBIERES PACT

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  1. STAGE 1 – Acquisition of Lombardy • PLOMBIERES PACT • July 1858, secret meeting between Cavour & Napoleon • Agreed France would support Piedmont in war against Austria but only if it looked like Austria had provoked war • Other terms; France gained Nice & Savoy, Italy became 4 states Pope leading confederation • WAR WITH AUSTRIA • March 1859, Piedmontese army were mobilised, Austrians followed suit in April • Austrians demanded demobilisation of Piedmontese army on 23rd April – they refused • So Austrians declared war & invaded Piedmont on 29th April but were delayed by poor weather, giving the French time to move their army by rail to Piedmont and fight Austrians • Revolutions, demonstrations, insurrections & 2 major battles at Magenta & Solferino • Austrians defeated at both battles but odds were against France & Italy of winning overall • VILLAFRANCA • So Napoleon sued for peace, without Cavour knowing • Napoleon proposed armistice on 8th July 1859 • Followed by a meeting at Villafranca on 11th July between himself & Emperor Franz Joseph • Developed into peace conference at Zurich • Agreed Piedmont would receive Lombardy • Austria kept Venetia • Rulers of central duchies restored • Italian confederation to be set up with Pope as head (as agreed at Plombieres)

  2. STAGE 2 – Acquisition of Tuscany, Modena, Parma & Romagna • CAVOUR • Grand Duke fled Tuscany, provisional gov. took over announced wished union with Piedmont • Revolution had spread to Modena & Parma, armies moved in took over, set up provisional gov. •  Cavour’s agents were known to be encouraging revolution in papal states • Resigned after Villafranca but his work as PM had borne fruit; • Tuscany; rigged assembly voted unanimously in August for annexation by Piedmont • As did Parma, Modena & Romagna • Cavour returned as PM to put final touches to Piedmont’s expansion (21st Jan 1860) • Negotiated deal with Napoleon; France would get Nice & Savoy and France would accept Piedmontese annexation if accompanied by plebiscites • March 1860 Tuscany voted for union with Piedmont • New state of Emilia (Modena, Parma & Romagna) did the same • NATIONAL SOCIETY • Promoted unification as a monarchy under King of Piedmont (Victor Emmanuel) • Helped establish plebiscites in central duchies and campaign for annexation • Clear vote rigging – majority voted for annexation with Piedmont • Annexations a result of the diplomacy & skills of NS and Piedmontese commissioners • END OF STAGE 1&2… • - PIEDMONTESE ANNEXATION OF CENTRAL DUCHIES & LOMBARDY • - NORTHERN ITALY WAS UNIFIED • - SOUTHERN ITALY WAS NOT

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