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Binary Calculations and IP Addressing Protocols

Learn about binary arithmetic, converting decimal to binary, decimal to binary conversion, high and low-order bit patterns, types of IP addressing, CIDR, subnetting, and IPv6 addressing schemes.

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Binary Calculations and IP Addressing Protocols

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  1. Protocols – Part 2 ITEC 370 George Vaughan Franklin University

  2. Sources for Slides • Material in these slides comes primarily from course text, Guide to Networking Essentials,Tomsho, Tittel, Johnson (2007). • Other sources are cited in line and listed in reference section.

  3. TCP/IP and OSI Models

  4. Some Simple Binary ArithmeticTomsho, Tittel, Johnson (2007) • Four kinds of binary calculations: • Converting between binary and decimal • Converting between decimal and binary • Understanding how setting high-order bits to the value of 1 in 8-bit binary numbers corresponds to specific decimal numbers • Recognizing the decimal values for numbers that correspond to low-order bits when set to 1

  5. Converting Decimal to BinaryTomsho, Tittel, Johnson (2007) • 125 is converted to binary as follows: • 125 divided by 2 equals 62, remainder 1 • 62 divided by 2 equals 31, remainder 0 • 31 divided by 2 equals 15, remainder 1 • 15 divided by 2 equals 7, remainder 1 • 7 divided by 2 equals 3, remainder 1 • 3 divided by 2 equals 1, remainder 1 • 1 divided by 2 equals 0, remainder 1

  6. Converting Binary to DecimalTomsho, Tittel, Johnson (2007) To convert 11010011 to decimal: • Count the total number of digits in the number (8) • Subtract one from the total (8 - 1 = 7) • That number (7) is the power of 2 to associate with the highest exponent for two in the number • Convert to exponential notation, using all the digits as multipliers • 11010011, therefore, converts to:

  7. High-Order Bit PatternsTomsho, Tittel, Johnson (2007)

  8. Low-Order Bit PatternsTomsho, Tittel, Johnson (2007)

  9. Types of IP Addressing • The demarcation point in the 32 bit address between network ID and host ID depends on addressing scheme: • Class Based Addressing generally uses a byte boundary as the dividing point • Classless Based Addressing uses a bit boundary.

  10. Class Based IP Addressing (Cisco – IP Addressing, n.d.). Used less frequently now, CIDR preferred

  11. Special IP Addresses • Information on this slide from http://www.iana.org/faqs/abuse-faq.htm • "Private Use" IP addresses: • 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 • 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 • 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 • "Autoconfiguration" IP Addresses: • 169.254.0.0 - 169.254.255.255 • used automatically by some PCs and Macs when • They are configured to use IP • Do not have a static IP Address assigned • And are unable to obtain an IP address using DHCP. • "Loopback" IP addresses: • 127.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255 • Each computer on the Internet uses 127.0.0.0/8 to identify itself, to itself. • 127.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 is earmarked for what is called "loopback". • This construct allows a computer to establish/validate its IP stack. • Most software only uses 127.0.0.1 for loopback purposes

  12. Classless Interdomain Routing (CDIR) • Division between Network and Host ID is at bit level. • Example: 192.203.187.0/27 • IP address is: 192.203.187.0 • ‘/27’ indicates that: • First 27 bits define Network ID • Last 5 bits define Host ID (defines size of subnet) • Subnet Mask = • (binary) 11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000 • (decimal) 255.255.255.224 • Subnet Mask defines Host ID size • 1’s used to define which bits belong to Network ID • 0’s used to define which bits belong to Host ID • Subnet Mask is assigned to host at same time that IP address is assigned.

  13. CDIR (Cont.) • Mapping class based IP addressing to CDIR: • Class A submask = 255.0.0.0 • Class B submask = 255.255.0.0 • Class C submask = 255.255.255.0 • All hosts in same network must use same subnet mask.

  14. Subnetting with Classless IP Addressing: Example 1

  15. Subnetting with Classless IP Addressing: Example 1 (Continued)

  16. Subnetting with Classless IP Addressing: Example 2

  17. Subnetting with Classless IP Addressing: Example 2 (Continued)

  18. IP Addressing Tools • Looking up an IP address: • http://psacake.com/web/eg.asp • http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1812.html • Subnetting: • http://ccna.exampointers.com/subnet.phtml

  19. IPv6 Address Scheme • Hexidecimal grouped in 16 bit sections: • 2001:1b20:302:442a:110:2fea:ac4:2b • Leading zeroes are eliminated • 2 or more 16 bit fields of all zeros can be ignored: • 2001:260:0:0:0:2ed3:340:ab (long form) • 2001:260::2ed3:340:ab (short form) • IPv6 has 3 parts:

  20. References Tomsho, Tittel, Johnson (2007). Guide to Networking Essentials. Boston: Thompson Course Technology. Odom, Knott (2006). Networking Basics: CCNA 1 Companion Guide. Indianapolis: Cisco Press Wikipedia (n.d.). OSI Model. Retrieved 09/12/2006 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_Model Cisco – IP Addressing (n.d.). IP Addressing. Retrieved 09/27/2006 from http://cco.cisco.com/warp/public/701/3.html#figone IANA (n.d.) Abuse Issues and IP Addresses . Retrieved 11/11/06 from http://www.iana.org/faqs/abuse-faq.htm

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