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EE 1001 Digital Topics

Learn the basics of digital logic circuits including combinational & sequential circuits, gates, counters, microprocessors, and computer architecture.

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EE 1001 Digital Topics

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  1. EE 1001Digital Topics Introduction to Electrical Engineering Dr. Chris Carroll MWAH 252 726-7530 ccarroll

  2. Digital Logic Circuits • Foundation for digital computer design • Basics are easy. . . • Discrete, two-valued variables • Finite number of possible functions • Complex operations built from easy basics • Combinational circuits (no memory) • Sequential circuits (memory)

  3. Combinational Circuits AND gate Inputs Output 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 OR gate Inputs Output 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 XOR gate Inputs Output 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 NOT gate Input Output 0 1 1 0

  4. Sequential Circuits • Memory stores “state” of the circuit • Implemented with flip-flops • Clock signal switches 0101… • Flip-flop captures data on clock 01 change • D flip-flop is one of several kinds available D Q clock

  5. Counters • Simplest kind of sequential circuit • “Count” advances once per clock 01 • Count sequence determined by circuit • Sequence advances unconditionally every time the clock goes 01 • Flip-flops store the “state” of the circuit

  6. Binary UP-counter Now Next QLQR QLQR 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 D QL clock D QR clock

  7. Binary DOWN-counter Now Next QLQR QLQR 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 D QL clock D QR clock

  8. Gray-Code Counter Now Next QLQR QLQR 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 D QL clock D QR clock

  9. 3-State, Self-Starting Now Next QLQR QLQR 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 D QL clock D QR clock

  10. Computer Architecture • How to build a computer • Many philosophies • Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) • Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) • Always three parts of any computer • Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Memory (for both program and data) • Input/Output (I/O)

  11. Microprocessors • CPU portion of a computer on a chip • Requires external memory and I/O • Examples: • 4004 (first microprocessor, 4-bit) • 8080 (popular 8-bit) • 8086 (16-bit, early PC’s used this) • Pentium (32-bit, 64-bit) • Others…

  12. Microcontrollers • Entire computer on a chip • Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Memory • Input/Output (I/O) • Easy to embed in larger systems • Modern cars include 10’s of these

  13. Hexadecimal (base sixteen!) • Uses sixteen digits, 0-9 and a-f • a=10, b=11, c=12, d=13, e=14, f=15 • XY16 = X * 16 + Y • Or, in binary… 00002 = 0 01002 = 4 10002 = 8 11002 = c 00012 = 1 01012 = 5 10012 = 9 11012 = d 00102 = 2 01102 = 6 10102 = a 11102 = e 00112 = 3 01112 = 7 10112 = b 11112 = f

  14. Advantage of hexadecimal? Easy conversion binary ↔ hexadecimal Each 4-bits of binary is 1 hex digit 100101102 = 9616 110100102 = d216 8a16 = 100010102 c316 = 110000112

  15. Summary Digital is everywhere! Even analog things can be digitized Complexity is manageable High performance, low cost

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