Chapter 25

1. Chapter 25 Sydney and Sarah

2. Themes • The United States moved from the country to the city in the post-Civil War decades. Mushrooming urban development was exciting but it also created severe social problems, including overcrowding and slums.

3. Main Ideas • From 1870 to 1900, the American population doubled, but the population in the cities tripled! • Electricity, indoor plumbing, telephones, and departments stores made the city more alluring. • As these city’s grew, the electric trolley system was adopted in metropolises as a commuting vessel.

4. Main Ideas • Explosive urban growth created some disturbing changes • Cities became unsanitary due to impure water circulating through the city, garbage and waste disposed of improperly, and unwashed bodies were packed closely together by overcrowding. • The worst place to be in a city were the slums where the ventilation was poor • The large cities fostered many criminals • The wealthy of the city-dwellers fled to new suburbs.

5. Main Ideas • Jane Addams was dedicated to uplifting urban masses • She founded the Hull House to teach children and adults skills they would need to survive and succeed in America. • Settlement houses became centers for women’s activism and reform. Women fought against child labor, for the protection of women workers and for the vote. • Cities offered women opportunities to earn money, support themselves, and to expand their cultural horizons.

6. Themes • After the 1880s the cities were flooded with new immigrants from Europe. Their various culture customs and non-Protestant religions stirred the nativist sentiment once again.

7. Main Ideas • Until the 1880s, most immigrants came from the British Isles and western Europe (Germany and Scandinavia). • Many Europeans came to America because there was no room in Europe nor much employment • Also, exaggerated advertisements on the benefits and opportunities of America lured them • The majority of immigrants remained for a few years and then returned to their home countries. • Immigrants were often controlled by powerful “bosses” who provided jobs and shelter in return for political support at the polls.

8. Main Ideas • “Native” Americans blamed immigrants for the corruption of the urban government. • Anti-foreign organizations like the American Protective Association arose against new immigrants. • In 1882, Congress passed the first restrictive law against immigration banning paupers, criminals, and convicts from coming to the U.S.

9. Themes • Society looked to the church to relieve the plight of the impoverished city dwellers. The church also faced challenges as the religions of the new immigrants and evolution threatened their faith.

10. Main Ideas • Since churches mostly failed to take stands against urban suffering, people began to question the mission of the churches. • A new generation of urban revivalists proclaimed the gospel of kindness and forgiveness • They adapted the old-time religion to city life. • Roman Catholic and Jewish faiths were also gaining much by the new immigration. • Challenged Protestantism.

11. Main Ideas • In 1859, Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species which: set forth the new doctrine of evolution • This questioning of the Bible’s validity attracted the fury of fundamentalists • The issue of evolution caused a division in churches. • Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll was a famous evolutionist who denounced creationism.

12. Themes • During the Gilded Age, people began to value education and realized it’s important role in society. The number of public schools and universities greatly increased. Education was also extended to women and African Americans.

13. Main Ideas • Creation of more public schools and the provision of free textbooks funded by taxpayers began a new trend in late 1800s. • Americans believed that formal education was the solution to poverty and a necessity for political integrity. • With the new emphasis on education, colleges and universities blossomed after the Civil War. • Colleges for women, such as Vassar, were also gaining ground. • The Morrill Act of 1862 provided a generous grant of the public lands to the states for support of education

14. Main Ideas • Booker T. Washington headed a black school in Tuskegee, Alabama • He avoided demanding for social equality and believed in blacks gradually gaining their rights through education. • W.E.B. Du Bois, however, demanded complete equality for Blacks and wanted action NOW! • He founded the NAACP in 1910.

15. Themes • American Institutions began to transform from being based on religion, and science to preparing students for professions. • Newspapers began to report scandals and vulgar ideas, to receive attention from readers.

16. Main Ideas • Industrialization demanded hands on training for sciences, and practical courses for students in college. Elective System became popular. It aloud students to select their courses. • Dr. Charles W. Elliot created market for news that shared sex, scandals of others to catch readers eyes. • Joseph Pulitzer created comics , known as Yellow Journal. William Randolph Hearst created a chain of newspapers ( San Francisco Examiner).

17. Themes • Magazines, Newspapers, and Novels were the portal putting life changing ideas into the Nation. • Reform movements from great minds like Godkin, George, and Bellamy attempted to reach out to the people, and government. • Darwinian age began. The idea of Pragmatism began to circulate with John Dewey.

18. Main Ideas • Edwin L. Godkin launched New York Nation, which advocated civil – service reform, honest government, moderate tariff. • Henry Georges writing on Progress and Poverty was to expose unfair adv. Enjoyed of landlord and to show how the single tax would discourage speculation. • Edwin Bellamy wrote a novel called Looking Back-ward. This brought the idea of utopian socialism, and later influenced American reform movements.

19. Main Ideas • Pragmatism was embracing uncertainty, and started a philosophical system. John Dewey founded the Laboratory School( Chicago), to experiment learning by doing. He stressed cooperation, democracy and wanted philosophers to focus on mans problems. • Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. asserted Judicial Deference to legislatures in Lochnerv. New York, and Protecting freedom of speech.

20. Themes\ Main Ideas • Book reading became popular. • Harlan F. Halsey created Dime novel, and sold 650 novels • General Lewis Wallace wrote Ben Hur: A Tale of the Christ. This was a support for the Bible. • Horatio Alger wrote juvenile fictions. It encouraged readers to work hard. • Walt Whitman, and Emily Dickinson were both well known poets.

21. Main Ideas • American Authors began to write about the world around them. • Kate Chopin • Mark Twain • Bret Harte • William Dean Howells • Paul Laurence Dunbar • Charles W. Chesnutt

22. Themes/Main Ideas • Start of women's Independence in America • Victoria Woodhull and Tennessee Claflin had proclaimed her belief in free love, and in their journal stated the Henry Beecher had been in a continuous affair. • Anthony Comstock defended Sexual purity and drove at least 15 people to suicide. • Women became independent on switch boards and typewriters • “New Morality” consisted of high Divorce rates, usage of birth control , discussing sexual topics.

23. Themes • The 19th century was the era of divorce. It also involved changes in work habits, family size, and marriage. • Women looked to gain equality, and Independence. They started Suffrage movements and associations. They campaigned for the right to vote.

24. Main Ideas • Urban Life involved both parents, and children working. • Birthrates decreased, and couples learned techniques for Birth Control. Marriages were being postponed, and Women became more independent in Urban areas. • Charlotte Perkins published Women and Economics. She supported woman being more independent, and involved in the community. She advocated Nurseries and cooperative kitchens.

25. Main Ideas • National American Woman Suffrage Association was created. The leaders were Elizabeth Cady Stanton , Susan B. Anthony, and Carrie Chapman Catt. • They fought for the right to be equal to men. • New Zealand was the first to give women equal suffrage rights • Ida B. Wells established the National Association of Colored Women.

26. Main Ideas • Many groups tried to prohibit the use of alcohol: • National Prohibition Party • Woman’s Christian Temperance Union • Anti-Saloon-League • National Prohibition amendment attached to constitution. • American Society for the Prevention Of Cruelty to Animals • The American Red Cross founded by Clara Barton

27. Main Ideas • Art was suppressed during the early and mid 1800s and failed to really take flight in America, forcing such men as James Whistler and John Singer Sargent to go to Europe to learn art. • Mary Cassatt painted sensitive portraits of women and children, while George Inness became America’s leading landscapist. • Thomas Eakins was a great realist painter, while Winslow Homer was perhaps the most famous and the greatest of all. • Great sculptors included Augustus Saint-Gaudens, who made the Robert Gould Saw memorial, located in Boston, in 1897. • Music reached new heights with the erection of opera houses and the emergence of jazz. • Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, which allowed the reproduction of sounds that could be heard by listeners. • Henry H. Richardson was another fine architect whose “Richardsonian” architecture was famed around the country. • The Columbian Exposition in 1893 displayed many architectural triumphs

28. Main Ideas • XX. The Business of Amusement • 1. In entertainment, Phineas T. Barnum and James A. Bailey teamed in 1881 to stage the “Greatest Show on Earth” (now the Ringling Bros. and Barnum and Bailey Circus). • 2. “Wild West” shows, like those of “Buffalo Bill” Cody (and the markswoman Annie Oakley) were ever-popular, and baseball and football became popular as well. • 3. Wrestling gained popularity and respectability. • 4. In 1891, James Naismith invented basketball