CONSILIUM

1. CONSILIUM STAGE 37 GRAMMAR: 1. Perfect Active Infinitive 2. Perfect Passive Infinitive WORD PATTERNS: Frequentatives CULTURE: The Emperor’s Council

2. Grammar Review: Infinitives • PRESENT ACTIVE INFINITIVE (to carry, etc.) 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd-io 4th Portāre docēre trahere capere audīre • PRESENT PASSIVE INFINITIVE (to be carried, etc.) Portari doceri traheri capi audiri • PERFECT ACTIVE INFINITIVE(to have carried, etc.) Portavisse docuisse traxisse cepisse audivisse Formation of the P.A.I. = perfect stem + isse • PERFECT PASSIVE INFINITIVE(to have been carried, etc.) Portatus essedoctus esse tractus esse captus esse auditus esse Formation of the P.P.I. = perfect passive participle + esse (infinitive of sum) • FUTURE ACTIVE INFINITIVE…St. 38(to be about to carry, etc.) Portaturus esse…docturus esse…tracturus esse…capturus esse…auditus esse Formation of the F.A.I. = future active participle + esse (infinitive of sum)

3. Model Sentences, pp. 40-41 • Agricola, Caledoniis victis, epistulam nuntio dictat. In hac epistula Agricola victoriam Romanorum Imperatori nuntiat. • With the Scots conquered, Agricola dictates a letter to a messenger. In this letter Agricola announces the victory of the Romans to the Emperor. • What is the grammar structure of the underlined phrase? • Ablative absolute

4. Model Sentences, pp. 40-41 • “exercitus Romanus Caledonios superavit!” • The Roman army overcame/conquered the Scots!” • Agricola dicit exercitum Romanum Caledonios superavisse. • Agricola says that the Roman Army has conquered the Scots. • *remember the structure of an indirect statement: introductory verb (above the neck), “that”, subject of statement is in accusative case, verb is an infinitive.

5. Model Sentences, pp. 40-41 • Agricola dicit multos hostes periisse, paucos effugisse. • Agricola says that many enemies have perished, few fled. • “aliae gentes nuntios iam miserunt qui pacem petant.” • “The other tribes now have sent messengers who are seeking peace.” • Agricola dicit alias gentes nuntios misisse qui pacem petant. • Agricola says that the other tribes have sent messengers who are seeking peace.

6. Perfect Active Infinitive • Compare the following direct & indirect statements: Direct Statement Indirect Statement “servus fūgit.” dominus credit servum fugisse*. “The slave has fled.” The master believes the slave to have fled. or The master believes thatthe slave has fled. “Romani multa oppida deleverunt.” audio Romanos multa oppida “The Romans destroyed many delevisse*. towns” I hear thatthe Romans have destroyed many towns. *This Latin verb form is the Perfect Active Infinitive.

7. Perfect Passive Infinitive • Compare the following direct & indirect statements: Direct Statement Indirect Statement “captivi liberati sunt.” scio captivos libereratos esse. “The prisoners have been freed.” I know the prisoners to have been freed. or I know that the prisoners have been freed. “nuntius ab Agricola missus est.” Domitianus dicit nuntium ab “A messenger has been sent Agricola missum esse. by Agricola.” Domitian says that a messenger has been sent by Agricola. *This Latin verb form is the Perfect Passive Infinitive.

8. The Emperor’s Council • The emperor’s council or consiliumwas often referred to as amici principis (friends of the emperor). • They advised the emperor on a number of matters, but the emperor was not required to abide by their opinions. • Matters for advisement were: points of law, moments of crisis, conspiracies against the empire or the emperor, foreign affairs, etc. • The opinions given by the members of the consilium were called sententia.

9. The Cursus Honorum • Most of the amici would have successfully followed the senatorial career known as the cursushonorum(series of honors or ladder of promotion) in which members of the senatorial class competed with each other for official positions in the Roman government. These offices were arranged in a fixed order with a man working his way through each. Each office held a greater status along with greater responsibility. • The offices were: • Vigintivir: 20 young men chosen to help oversee the management of the law courts, prisons, and minting of Roman coinage • TribunusMilitum: the following year each of the twenty would go abroad to serve as an officer of a legion • Quaestor: managed the sums of public money; this position qualified a man for entry in to the senate

10. The Cursus Honorum • Tribunis Plebis or Aedilis: Tribunis plebis helped to advise the common man. Aedilis managed the upkeep of the baths, sewers, and road building. • Praetor: unlike the vigintivirwho assisted in the management of the law courts, the primary responsibility of apraetorwas to run the law courts. • Consul: the highest position of the cursus honorum. There were only two consuls at one time, but they changed at intervals in the year. They presided over the senate and supervised all government business.