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Project 1

CONSTRUCTION AND STRUCTURES 2 ASSIGNMENT 1. CONSTRUCTION & STRUCTURES 2. Project 1. Erin Kyne, Belinda Capper, Natalie Djuric-Schembri, Eva Klaic. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH TIMBER PORTAL FRAMES. TIMBER PORTAL FRAMES .

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Project 1

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  1. CONSTRUCTION AND STRUCTURES 2 ASSIGNMENT 1 CONSTRUCTION & STRUCTURES2 Project 1 Erin Kyne, Belinda Capper, Natalie Djuric-Schembri, Eva Klaic

  2. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH • STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH • TIMBER PORTAL FRAMES

  3. TIMBER PORTAL FRAMES St Andrews Anglican Church, Tasmania http://oak.arch.utas.edu.au/projects/aus/315/churi0.html

  4. TIMBER PORTAL FRAMES OVERVIEW Timber portal frame construction is an option for the warehouse. The system involves the use of Plywood Box Beams. Plywood box Beam portal frames have frequently been used for spans up to 30 meters, and it is suggested the span could reach up to 50 meters with specialty knee joints (Yttrup & Evans). The warehouse span is 40 meters, and therefore the timber potal frame is an option to consider. The system is an attractive alternative to the steel portal frame. It is visually appealing, lightweight and easy to erect. Store Building, Mt Gambia, S.A http://oak.arch.utas.edu.au/projects/aus/207/istos.html

  5. TIMBER PORTAL FRAMES EXAMPLES St Andrew’s Anglican Church http://oak.arch.utas.edu.au/projects/aus/315/cchur.html Factory Building Legana, Tasmania http://oak.arch.utas.edu.au/projects/aus/440/factory_img6.html

  6. TIMBER PORTAL FRAMES PLYWOOD BOX BEAMS The Plywood Box Beam is a rectangular shaped timber box. The flanges and stiffeners are solid wood, and the outer lining is plywood. The lining is attached with either glue or nails. The main characteristic of the Plywood Box Beam is the high strength to weight ratio. They are also easily constructed and the materials are readily available www.oak.arch.utas.edu.au STEEL PLATE AND DOWEL KNEE JOINT BRACKET For spans over 20 meters, the box beams must be connected with steel plate and dowel knee joint brackets. When this type of joint is used with box beam depths of 2.4 meters tapering to 1.2 meters, spaced at 12 meters, the spaning cappacity of the portal frame is up to 50 meters. This well covers the 40 meter span required for the warehouse. www.oak.arch.utas.edu.au

  7. TIMBER PORTAL FRAMES SUMMARY The lack of commercial use of the long span timber portal frame has led us to move away from this option. While the evidence from Yttrup and Evans suggests that it can span up to 50 meters, there are few available examples of this in comparison to the much more commonly found steel portal frames

  8. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH • STEEL CONSTRUCTION

  9. STEEL CONSTRUCTION INTRODUCTION • Without compromising its structural integrity, steel can achieve many functions. Ranging from its malleability – where structural designs are endless due to the range of parts attainable, its durability – being a medium that is capable of withstanding time and weathering, provided it is treated, and its lustre for purely aesthetic reasons. • As well as its previously mentioned properties, steel may also be combined with various other chemicals to further enhance its role in construction. • Known as alloying, chemicals such as nickel and magnesium are combined with the steel to produce rust resistance and toughness respectively. • Additional coatings such as paints and enamels may too be added, in hope of • further extending the life of the material. For example, Zinc – Aluminium alloy protects the material against the effects of weathering. Because of this, steel alloying provides construction with the “architectural freedom, economy of design, speed and flexibility…” (http://www.onesteel.com.au) suitable for many types of tenders. • Hot and cold rolling of steel products is generally undertaken to further • increase the strength of the material. As cast steel is originally relatively weak, • rolling of the steel ‘re – crystallise’ the grain structure into a much finer state, • reinforcing additional strength, shock resistance and toughness. Fitting for this • reason, roofing, flooring and cladding systems are ideal.

  10. STEEL CONSTRUCTION ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

  11. STEEL CONSTRUCTION ROOFING • Steel roofing and walling provides thermal efficiency if adequate insulation is provided, • durability in most situations, are suitable for curving and come in a range of • profiles to suit most, if not all, architectural requirements. It should also be said • that such roofing systems are economical as they require minimal sub – framing. Steel Sheet Roofing Examples: Custom Orb Custom Blue Orb Spandek Integrity 820 Source: http://www.bluescopesteel.com.au

  12. STEEL CONSTRUCTION WALLING Steel Cladding Examples: Easyclad Klip-lock 700 Hi-strength Multiline Mini Orb Source: http://www.bluescopesteel.com.au

  13. STEEL CONSTRUCTION FLOORING Source: http://www.bluescopesteel.com.au • We have decided to use Bondek, a steel flooring system for the first floor in our showroom and office building as it has excellent spanning capabilities which creates greater strength and eliminates the possibility for deflection to occur. The use of Bondek also means time saving, as the use of temporary formwork is eliminated with permanent. This in turn creates a safe working platform for employees.

  14. STEEL CONSTRUCTION FLOORING - BONDEK

  15. STEEL CONSTRUCTION PORTAL FRAMES • Being “a continuous rigid frame with a restrained joint between the column • and the beam”, portal frame construction is the most effective and efficient • solution to long span construction. Because the frame acts as one structural • entity, the stresses induced may be distributed throughout the frame and • down into the foundations, whereby further rigid connections to the plate are • prepared. Note: above information sourced from ‘Portal Frame.ppt’ located in the resources folder of SRT 251, found on DSO. (http://www.deakin.edu.au/dso/)

  16. STEEL CONSTRUCTION PORTAL FRAMES – CONNECTIONS • With reference to base plate connection of the portal frame, 3 methods may • be adopted: • Rigid Base Connection. • 2 Pin Portal Connection. • 3 Pin Portal Connection. • The placement of ‘pins’ as a method of securing the structure together and to • the base plate is purely a method of construction. Unlike the rigid base • connections that transfer the bending moments of the frame to the footings, via • the strategic placement of bolts, pin connections do not. • The use of a rigid base system in constructing the portal frame is advantageous • in that it transfers all the bending moments to the rigid connections of the frame, • the apex, knee and base. This in turn creates a sturdier system, as well as achieving • a lighter frame. • This method of fixing is our preferred method, as it is highly effective in opposing • these bending moments that can be detrimental to the system if not dealt with • accordingly.

  17. STEEL CONSTRUCTION PORTAL FRAMES – CONNECTIONS Footing prepared with plate connection, allowing for materials to consolidate into1 rigid connection. Structural steel member attached to set pad connection. Note: above information sourced from ‘Portal Frame.ppt’ located in the resources folder of SRT 251, found on DSO. (http://www.deakin.edu.au/dso/)

  18. STEEL CONSTRUCTION PORTAL FRAMES – ADVANTAGES

  19. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH • PRECAST AND TILT-UP CONCRETE

  20. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS TILT-UP AND PRECAST CONCRETE Tilt-up and precast concrete panels are a quick, cheap and easy form of construction, which means the main structure of the warehouse can be erected quickly and therefore be occupied sooner. Below is a comparison between the two:

  21. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS TILT-UP AND PRECAST CONCRETE • The following slide shows four of the main stages of tilt-up • concrete construction:

  22. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS TILT-UP AND PRECAST CONCRETE 1. 2. Panel position Panel lifted by crane Panel position slab Panel cast on floor foundations slab Strip footings foundations Strip footings panel 3. 4. supports panel Concrete slab closure poured slab foundations slab Strip footings foundations (Diagrams by Erin)

  23. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS TILT-UP AND PRECAST CONCRETE

  24. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH • SUPAZED

  25. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS SUPAZED • SUPAZED • Supazed is a structural steel product also manufactured by Lysaght. • It is a cold rolled steel sheet that forms a long, strong, light weight purlin. Pictures from the Lysaght web-site: http://www.bluescopesteel.com.au/index.cfm/objectID.C7ED3726-32D4-11D5-98CE00508BA5461F We selected Supazed for horizontal wall members and roof purlins. The Purlins are spaced at 2000mm on the warehouse and office rooves. The horizontal members on the walls of the warehouse and parapet façade of the office building are spaced at 700mm.

  26. ENVELOPE SYSTEMS RESEARCH • SPANDEK

  27. ENVELOPE SYSTEMS SPANDEK • SPANDEK • Spandek is a one of the engineered steel sheet cladding products manufactured by Bluescope Steel, other wise known as Lysaght. The deep perforations in the Spandek sheets increase their spanning capacity. The long spanning properties of Spandek make it well suited to our portal frames as members of a portal frame are quite widely spaced. Spandek sheets are custom made so the length tailored to the application within reason. Spandek sheets have a set width of 700mm. Pictures from the Lysaght web-page: http://www.bluescopesteel.com.au/index.cfm/objectID.B0CBE18F-FF78-11D3-89EC00C04FCF6B8F The Spandek was also very suitable because the sheet may be joined at the point where it is fastened to the structure. This allowed the placement of horizontal members as wide apart as 700mmand at lengths of up to 3000mm. Pictures from the Lysaght web-page: http://www.bluescopesteel.com.au/index.cfm/objectID.999D1FCF-14EA-11D4-89F600C04FCF6B8F

  28. RETAINING WALL RESEARCH

  29. RETAINING WALL A retaining wall will be necessary behind the warehouse. The site will be cut and levelled, and a retaining wall, approximately 3m high, will be needed to hold back the soil. • Retaining walls: • Retain the soil • Protect against possible erosion • Requirements of retaining walls: • Durability against exposed environment • Structural stability • Provision of drainage Concrete retaining walls are a durable solution. Concrete can withstand the constant wetting and drying of the soil, and will not rot or be affected by termites. There are two types of concrete retaining walls, piled retaining walls and gravity retaining walls. GRAVITY RETAINING WALL PILED RETAINING WALL Piled retaining walls use the depth and strength of posts, which are embedded vertically in the ground, to resist lateral soil loads Gravity retaining walls use their own weight to resist the lateral loads from the soil. SOURCE: Retaining Walls document from www.concrete.net.au

  30. RETAINING WALL For the retaining wall behind the warehouse, a type of gravity retaining wall, the reinforced masonary wall, will be used. This is a very effective retaining wall for wall heights up to 3.4m. Hollow, core-filled, reinforced concrete blocks are placed on reinforced concrete footings. This creates a cantilevered wall. Gravel and agricultural pipes are used behind the wall to aid drainage. Reinforced and grouted blockwork cores Gravel drainage with agricultural pipes Footings SOURCE: Retaining Walls document from www.concrete.net.au

  31. FIRE PROTECTION • RESEARCH

  32. FIRE RESISTANCE RESEARCH • Fire protection products are available that can provide external fire resistance • for approximately 60, 90 or 120 minutes. • The criteria for compliance of fire walls as per the Building Code of Australia, 2004 edition, states: • All materials used within the wall must comply with fire rating indexes. • There must be no cracking, penetration or permanent surface deformation to a depth of more than 0.5mm, or any other non – elastic deformation or fastener failure. Under static pressure: • The deflection must not be more than 1/240th of the height between supports • The impact under instantaneous deflection must not be more than 1/120th the height of the wall between supports • Sarking must have a flammability index of 5. • The surface of the wall must be covered on all faces by concrete or masonry not less than 50mm thick. • If the wall is able to comply with all of these selected points of information, it is deemed to satisfy a fire protection rating.

  33. FIRE RESISTANCE RESEARCH • FIRE PROOF SECURITY DOOR • The west side of the building requires a fire proof door on the emergency exit the brand we felt offered the best solution for this member was Austral Monsoon a Sydney based American company. Their fire door is concrete in a steel shell. The shell is comprised of two steel sheets that overlap at the sides. The door is recessed in the frame to prevent flames from passing in between the door and frame. Austral Monsoon claims their product can contain fire for up to four hours. A replication of a detail found on the Austral monsoon web site: www.austalmonsoon.com

  34. ROLLER DOOR • RESEARCH

  35. ROLLER DOOR RESEARCH • TRUCK-FRIENDLY ROLLER DOORS • We also chose Austral Monsoon as suppliers for the two roller doors on the front of the warehouse. Their website contained lots of useful information including the various door heights and widths as well as the according dimensions of the barrel and mechanism. I have copied the relevant part of a table posted on the Austral Monsoon website (previously sited) that describes the diagram below. The door opening width is 5200mm the spacing of the columns either side of the roller door are spaced at 5400mm to allow for the door’s axel and mechanism.

  36. CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES FOR INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS • STEEL PORTAL FRAME CONSTRUCTION • All photos in the following section were taken by Erin

  37. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS STEEL PORTAL FRAMES

  38. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS STEEL PORTAL FRAMES • Before the construction of the warehouse can begin, the site needs to be leveled and any retaining walls that are required need to be made. The site then needs to be marked out with the position of the warehouse and the footings or slab. In this instance, footings were used, and the slab was poured later once the roof was up to allow for weather protection while the slab was setting.

  39. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS STEEL PORTAL FRAMES • The steelwork frame members are delivered to the site by truck, and stored on the ground until they are needed for construction.

  40. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS STEEL PORTAL FRAMES • The steelwork frame members are then raised into place by cranes and cherry pickers.

  41. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS STEEL PORTAL FRAMES • The vertical steelwork is bolted and cemented to footings in the foundations.

  42. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS STEEL PORTAL FRAMES • Once the steelwork frame members have been raised and positioned in place, steel members are quickly and easily connected to one another by bolts. When the steel framework is made in factories, they are designed to be able to be erected easily as this reduces labor costs. Welding is avoided in on site construction as it is slow, costly and dangerous.

  43. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS STEEL PORTAL FRAMES • Cross bracing is used on the walls and roof to provide lateral support and resist wind loads.

  44. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS STEEL PORTAL FRAMES • Steel purlins are fastened perpendicular to the rafters, and then mesh is placed over that before sarking and insulation is laid down. Roofing material is then fastened over the top. This warehouse used a combination of spandek and fibreglass for the skylight strips.

  45. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS STEEL PORTAL FRAMES • An alternative roofing structure to the rafters in the previous slide is a steel truss. • (This photo was taken of a different warehouse to the one in the previous slides to show a different roof structure.) Trusses can range from very small ones to ones that are even 1.5m deep. The advantage of a deep truss is it allows for an enormous span, where as if a smaller one or a portal frame was to span the same distance, they would need stanchions to support them.

  46. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS STEEL PORTAL FRAMES • Precast concrete panelss for the walls are delivered to site by truck and bolted to the steel framework. When the walls are cast at the manufacturers, window and door blockouts are imbedded, as well as inserts that are used to lift the walls with the cranes.

  47. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS STEEL PORTAL FRAMES • Once the walls and roof are up, the slab is set out and then any services that are required are installed. The reinforcement mesh is laid down and then the slab is poured.

  48. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS STEEL PORTAL FRAMES • Where the slab is poured at the beginning of construction, the slab is set out, services installed, reinforcement mesh is laid down and the slab is poured along with the footings that the steel portal frame is bolted to.

  49. CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES FOR INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS • PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION All photos and diagrams in the following section were taken by Erin

  50. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION

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