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MANAGING TWO AND THREE-WHEELER EMISSIONS

MANAGING TWO AND THREE-WHEELER EMISSIONS. N.V.Iyer Advisor (Technical) Bajaj Auto Ltd, Pune, India National Workshop on the Improvement of Urban Air Quality of Pakistan 13 - 15 December, 2004 Lahore, Pakistan. PRESENTATION CONTENTS. Problem definition Emission standards New vehicles

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MANAGING TWO AND THREE-WHEELER EMISSIONS

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  1. MANAGING TWO AND THREE-WHEELER EMISSIONS N.V.IyerAdvisor (Technical) Bajaj Auto Ltd, Pune, India National Workshop on the Improvement of Urban Air Quality of Pakistan13 - 15 December, 2004Lahore, Pakistan

  2. PRESENTATION CONTENTS • Problem definition • Emission standards • New vehicles • In-use vehicle • Smoke & PM Emissions • Two-stroke v/s Four-stroke • Fuel conversion programmes • Fuels & lubricants • The way forward

  3. MOTORYCLE REGISTRATIONS AROUND THE WORLD: (Source: Data: World Motorcycle Facts & Figures, HONDA, 1997) :Slide: Michael Walsh

  4. DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM • Vehicle fleets in most Asian countries comprise 2-3 wheelers - a majority powered by 2-stroke engines • Major 2-stroke engine pollutants are Particulate Matter (PM) and Hydrocarbons (HC) causing serious air quality and health problems • Two wheelers account for a significant proportion of vehicular air pollution, particularly HC and PM • There is an urgent need to develop and implement strategies to clean up 2 - 3 wheelers

  5. EMISSION STANDARDS • An important strategy is to adopt emission standards for new and in-use vehicles • examples India, Taipei,China, Thailand and EU • Emission standards must be evolved in a transparent manner involving all stakeholders • May consider leapfrogging to Indian standards which are among the most stringent

  6. NEW MOTORCYCLE EMISSION STANDARDS IN TAIPEI,CHINA AND INDIA NOTES: (1) ALL VALUES ARE IN g/km. (2) TAIPEI,CHINA STANDARD FOR CO IS WITH COLD START. (3) FIGURE FOR TAIPEI,CHINA SHOWS 2004 LIMIT FOR 2-STROKE VEHICLES ONLY. FOR 4-STROKES THE LIMIT IS 2 g/km

  7. All limit values in g/km

  8. SOURCE OF SMOKE AND PM EMISSIONS FROM TWO-STROKE ENGINES (1/2) • Lubricating oil introduced through intake air-fuel mixture either by mixing with petrol or by injection • The entire quantity of oil passes through the engine in every cycle of operation (the “once-through” system) • Small oil droplets of incompletely combusted lubricating oil emitted through exhaust appear as visible smoke and PM • Over 98 percent of PM is soluble organic fraction (unlike largely carbonaceous in diesel PM)

  9. SOURCE OF SMOKE AND PM EMISSIONS FROM TWO-STROKE ENGINES (2/2) Smoke and PM emissions exacerbated by * Use of inferior grades and excessive quantities of lubricating oil * Use of adulterated fuel * Improper maintenance of engine Source: Masami (2000), World Bank

  10. CONTROL OF PM EMISSIONS OF 2-STROKE ENGINES (1/2) (Source: JAMA) PM emission can be controlled by - Reducing the oil dosage, - Use of superior ‘low smoke’ oil - Use of oxidation catalytic converter

  11. CONTROL OF PM EMISSIONS OF 2-STROKE ENGINES (2/3) • No country has emission standards for PM • EU working towards developing test procedures and standards for 2-stroke PM emissions. • Findings so far are (Source: Rijkeboer et al, 2004) • Current CVS techniques used for diesel PM would be inadequate since large variations occur on account of dominant nucleation mode • Two-stroke particles differ significantly from diesel particles and contain large volatile fractions • Understanding of the health effects of 2-stroke PM are largely lacking • Vehicle designed to meet stringent emission standards have less PM emissions

  12. CONTROL OF PM EMISSIONS OF 2-STROKE ENGINES (3/3) • India has mandated the use of “low smoke” (JASO FC smoke index) 2-stroke engine (2-T) oil. • National Capital Territory of Delhi has mandated dispensing 2-T oil only pre-mixed with petrol • All post-2000 2-stroke engines in India use oxidation catalytic converters • Limited tests on post-2000 2-stroke engines with catalytic converters, using the current diesel test method show PM levels lower than 0.05 g/km (below Euro III)

  13. EMISSION STANDARDS - IN-USE VEHICLES • In-use standards ensure proper vehicle maintenance • Typical in-use standards regulate CO under idle -some countries regulate idle HC and/or smoke (opacity) • Tight in-use standards can be used to force older, higher polluting vehicles to be retired or moved away from ‘hot-spots’ • Test procedure for in-use standards should be capable of accurately defining ‘gross polluters’ • Experience shows that, to be effective, capacity for a strong enforcement is necessary

  14. IN-USE EMISSION STANDARDS FOR 2 & 3 WHEELERS OF SOME ASIAN COUNTRIES * Introduced in India from 1st October 2004 for post - 2000 vehicles

  15. PAKISTAN NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS FORMOTOR VEHICLE EXHAUST (source: www.punjab.gov.pk/epa/index.htm) • 1. Smoke • 40% or 2 on the Ringleman Scale During engine acceleration mode. • To be compared with Ringleman Chart at a distance of 6 meters or more. • 2. Carbon Monoxide • New Vehicle = 4.5% • Used Vehicle = 6% Under idling conditions: • non-despersive infrared detection through gas analyzer.

  16. TWO-STROKE VERSUS FOUR-STROKE ENGINES - current position • Historically, two-stroke engines are known to emit higher levels of PM and HC, but lower levels of NOx. • Due to high ambient PM levels in many Asian cities, there is a great interest in replacing them or cleaning them up • Advanced technologies such as fuel injection systems have a potential to reduce emissions • Introduction of stringent emission standards in India and changing customer preferences have led to an increasing preference for 4-stroke engines • Penetration of 4-stroke engines in the low-cost segments (mopeds and scooters) remains low due to advantages of 2-stroke

  17. RAPIDLY INCREASING PROPORTIONS OF 4-STROKE MOTORCYCLES IN INDIA IN RECENT YEARS

  18. FUEL CONVERSION PROGRAMMES • Important alternate fuel options are CNG, LPG, Hydrogen and electricity • Two-wheelers not attractive candidates for alternate fuels • Three-wheelers successfully converted to CNG (India) and LPG (India and Thailand). • Coordinated effort between government and the energy sector required to evolve a comprehensive alternate fuel programme that encompasses • Life cycle analysis (well-to-wheel) • provision of fuelling infrastructure • quality and approval systems for safety of the modified vehicles

  19. “BAJAJ AUTO’s” ALTERNATE FUEL VEHICLES • CNG AUTO-RICKSHAW • Presently in series production. Deployed over 38,000 in Delhi, over 15,000 in Mumbai and over 10,000 in Dhaka. • LPG AUTO-RICKSHAW • Presently in series production. Volumes low at present due to limited demand • ELECTRIC AUTO-RICKSHAW • Successfully developed. Uses an Advanced technology Axial Flux Motor, with > 85% drive cycle efficiency, Flooded lead-acid batteries.

  20. COMPARATIVE EMISSION PERFORMANCE OF BAJAJ AUTO’s ALTERNATE FUEL VEHICLES NMHC: Non-Methane Hydrocarbons RHC: Reactive Hydrocarbons

  21. FUELS AND LUBRICANTS • Fuel: • Lead free petrol a must for using catalytic converters • Low sulphur content necessary to improve durability • Low benzene content reduces exhaust toxicity • Oxygenates blended in fuel reduce CO emissions • Lubricating oil: • ‘Low smoke’ (JASO FC) oils reduce smoke and PM emissions • Supply of 2-T oil pre-mixed with petrol at filling stations can control excessive oil consumption

  22. ENFORCEMENT OF PROGRESSIVELY STRINGENT EMISSION STANDARDS FOR NEW VEHICLES ENFORCEMENT OF EMISSION STANDARDS FOR IN-USE VEHICLES STRENGTHENING EMISSION INSPECTION & MAINTENANCE INTRODUCTION OF IMPROVED 2-STROKE LUBRICATING (2-T) OILS MANDATING/PROMOTING USE OF ‘LOW SMOKE’ 2-STROKE LUBRICATING OILS MANDATORY DISPENSING OF 2-T OIL PRE-MIXED WITH PETROL PROMOTION OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS (CNG/LPG) FOR THREE WHEELERS COMPLETE PHASE OUT OF LEADED PETROL TAIPEI,CHINA, INDIA, THAILAND MANY COUNTRIES TAIPEI,CHINA JAPAN, THAILAND, TAIPEI,CHINA, INDIA INDIA, THAILAND INDIA INDIA, THAILAND MANY COUNTRIES TYPICAL STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY MAJOR ASIAN COUNTRIES TO REDUCE TWO WHEELER POLLUTION

  23. THE WAY FORWARD • Introduce new vehicle mass emission standards - adopt stringent standards similar to India • Introduce in-use standards to ensure proper vehicle maintenance. • Build capacity for strong enforcement of standards • Make lead free petrol abundantly available to facilitate use of catalytic converters • Introduce supply of ‘Low Smoke’ (JASO FC) 2-stroke oil pre-mixed with petrol at filling stations to control excessive consumption of inferior oil to reduce smoke and PM emissions from 2-strokes engines • Promote use of alternative fuels like CNG/LPG on three wheelers

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