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光 電 系 統 諸 元

光 電 系 統 諸 元. Wave Propagation Equation  = c / f ; k = 2 π /  c : velocity of light (3x10 10 cm/s) Energy  1/wavelength (1/  ) shorter  (higher f ) == higher energy longer  (lower f ) == lower energy. 光電技術定義淺釋. 以 光學 原理與創新為基礎 , 配合 成熟的 電子 ( 機械 ) 技術 , 所組成的專業工程領域.

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光 電 系 統 諸 元

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  1. 光 電 系 統 諸 元

  2. Wave Propagation Equation  = c / f ; k = 2π/  c : velocity of light (3x1010 cm/s) • Energy  1/wavelength (1/) • shorter  (higher f ) == higher energy • longer  (lower f ) == lower energy

  3. 光電技術定義淺釋 以光學原理與創新為基礎,配合成熟的 電子(機械)技術, 所組成的專業工程領域 Electro – Optics Opto – electronics Photonics 精密與創新 機械是工業之母!!

  4. 眼睛映像諸元

  5. 視網膜及其單元

  6. 錐狀(cone)與桿狀(rod)視覺細胞之分佈

  7. 人眼視覺相對敏感度 V : photopic (peak at 550)-晝視 V': scotopic (peak at 505)-夜視

  8. 幅射 溫度 顏色

  9. The velocity of light in a material (index of refraction), depends on the wavelength of the light.

  10. 色 值

  11. Hue 色 澤 • A hue is the saturation of a color and is what stays constant in a color , i.e. the property of being away from white. • “purple” is a technical term: it designates not just one color or hue, but a whole class of them. On our two-dimensional diagram, purples form a triangle. • Each hue has a complementary hue.

  12. 量 子 光 學

  13. 半 導 體 Momentum Space

  14. Intrinsiccrystal

  15. Direct/indirect band-gap Energy phonon h photon Quantum Well momentum

  16. LED 製造與組裝

  17. 照 明 亮 度 環 境 Lux = lm/m2

  18. How much light do we need?

  19. 電荷耦合器件 (charge-couple device;CCD)

  20. CCD 與 CMOS 的爭艷 半導體(metal oxide semiconductors, MOS)式檢光器 畫素擔任數位取樣角色, 聚合之電荷與光成正比 The difference in readout has significant implications for sensor architecture, capabilities and limitations.

  21. CCD: The Digital Revolution Nomenclature: • CCD = Charge Coupled Device • A photon detecting device that exploits the photoelectric effect and the semiconducting properties of silicon • The voltage generated is coupled to the intensity of the incident light • Pixel = picture element. Each pixel is an independent photon detector • DN = Data Number (ADU = Analog to Digital Unit) • The output signal from a CCD. Value and range depend on the nature of the voltage digitization. E.g. an 8-bit CCD produces DNs from 0 to 28 (0 to 255). Most CCDs are 16 bit (maximum = 65535) or higher

  22. CCD read-out 訊號輸出的主軸區塊 PC board Sensors Ph to El conversion E to V conversion A to D Conversion Frame Grabber

  23. CCD 電荷傳遞

  24. CMOS read-out convert charge to voltage; mot functions are integrated into the chip. C-MOS image sensor PC- board dynamically amplified

  25. 3Transistor (3T) CMOS APS • Use source-follower “amplifier” to drive column bus. • Impedance-matching amplifier with a high I/P impedance and a low O/P Impedance.

  26. 夜 視 原 理

  27. 熱 像 儀 功 能 空照判讀 1 -- 正欲起飛 2 -- 停放許久 (假飛機 ?) 3 -- 剛飛走

  28. 熱 像 儀 功 能 血液循環良窳比較

  29. F-number (F-數值) • F數值是光通過鏡頭量大小的表示。F數值愈小表示通過的光量多，F數值是焦距長和有效開口的比值。 D : 入瞳的直徑 f : 焦距長

  30. Entrance Pupil Exit Pupil Marginal Chief Pupils and stops for a triplet system

  31. 描光參數 H = n uη= n' u'η' A = n i = n' i' n'u' = nu – hk hi+1 = hi + ui'di' 60年代以前,描一條錯軸(skew)光線,至少需要120秒 Only one paraxial-ray is needed to be traced

  32. 初 步 設 計 • 求解: Seidel aberration = 0 • Total = Seidel + H-order • 求解: Seidel = - H-order 迫使終極解趨近於零

  33. Shape-dependent: Spherical aberration Coma Astigmatism Distortion Shape-independent: Field curvature Axial color Lateral color 薄透鏡像差公式 Astigmatism S3 = H2 K Field curvature S4 = H2 K / n Distortion S5 = 0 Axial color C1 = h2 K / V Lateral color C2 = 0 重點: The correction of S1 and S2 .

  34. 雙片型透鏡設計 選定: 玻璃材料, 焦距, 孔徑位置, 視場 計算焦度分配: 消色差 計算結構分配: 求觧 S1, S2 聯立方程式 描光: 平衡 像差

  35. Image Formation Real space Fourier space Object Scene spectrum Fourier transformation X OTF PSF ＊ Inverse transformation Image spectrum Image

  36. 離焦影像效應

  37. 顯 微 鏡 影 像

  38. 3-D image

  39. Fiber Optics Technology

  40. Total Internal Reflection in Fiber

  41. How are Optical Fibre’s made?? • Three Steps are Involved -Making a Preform Glass Cylinder -Drawing the Fibre’s from the preform -Testing the Fibre

  42. Testing of Optical Fiber • Tensile Strength • Refractive Index Profile • Fiber Geometry • Information Carrying Capacity • Operating temperature/humidity range • Ability to conduct light under water • Attenuation

  43. Optical Fiber Laying • Mechanical Linking • Includes coupling of two connectors end to end • Optical distribution frames allow cross connect fibers from by means of connection leads and optical connectors • Soldering: • This operation is done with automatic soldering machine that ensures: • Alignment of fiber’s core along the 3 axis • Visual display in real-time of the fibers soldering • Traction test after soldering (50 g to 500 g)

  44. Fiber optic link The distance between repeater amplifiers

  45. Assumptions • The source emits 430mW of peak pulsed power. • The fiber link exhibits 10dB/km attenuation. • The detector NEP = 10-5 W at the operating bandwidth and a minimum SNR of 10 is required. link loss equation dB = 10 log (Φo/Φi) neglect coupler losses.

  46. Solution • The SNR of 10 required 10-4 W be incident upon the detector. • The link will be Φo/Φi = 0.43/10-4 = 4300 • Expressed in decibels 10 log (Φo/Φi) = 36.33 dB a 3.6 km link is possible between repeater amplifiers.

  47. Green energy Uses a minimum of natural resources, and results in little or no pollution and little or no disposable waste. • Wind • Hydro, Wave & Tidal • Passive/Active Solar & Photovoltaic (active - additional equipment used to transfer E) • Geothermal - Ground Heat Pumps • Energy From Waste - Landfill Gas • Biomass - Crops, other Wastes • Fuel Cells

  48. A naturally balanced budget

  49. Air-mass The Air Mass quantifies the reduction in the power of light as it passes through the atomsphere and is absorbed by air and dust. The Air Mass is defined as: where q is the angle from the vertical (zenith angle). When the sun is directly overhead, the Air Mass is 1.

  50. The standard spectrum • at the Earth's surface AM1.5G, (the G stands for global and includes both direct and diffuse radiation) or AM1.5D (which includes direct radiation only). • The intensity of AM1.5D radiation can be approximated by reducing the AM0 spectrum by 28% (18% due to absorption and 10% to scattering). The global spectrum is 10% higher than the direct spectrum. • These calculations give approximately 970 W/m2 for AM1.5G. However, the standard AM1.5G spectrum has been normalized to give 1kW/m2 due to the convenience of the round number and the fact that there are inherently variations in incident solar radiation.

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