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JAUNDICES

JAUNDICES. What is Jaundice?. Jaundice is yellowish discoloration of the skin, sclera and mucous membranes due to hyperbilirubinemia and deposition of bile pigments . Equilibrium between bilirubin production and clearance is disturbed . Serum bilirubin level greater than 2mg/dL

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JAUNDICES

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  1. JAUNDICES

  2. What is Jaundice? • Jaundice is yellowish discoloration of the skin, sclera and mucous membranes due to hyperbilirubinemia and deposition of bile pigments . • Equilibrium between bilirubin production and clearance is disturbed . • Serum bilirubin level greater than 2mg/dL • Jaundice is NOT a disease, but rather a sign that can occur in many different diseases.

  3. What is bilirubin? • Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment found in bile, a fluid made by the liver. • The breakdown product of Hgb from injured RBCs and other heme containing proteins. • Produced by reticuloendothelial system • Released to plasma bound to albumin • Hepatocytes conjugate it and extrete through bile channels into small intest.

  4. Bilirubin di-glucoronid

  5. Heme Globin Heme oxygenase Biliverdin Biliverdin reductase LIVER KIDNEY Urinary Urobilinogen Unconjugated bilirubin UDPGT Conjugated bilirubin BILIRUBIN METABOLISM Intestinal bacteria INTESTINE Urobilinogen Stercobilin

  6. NORMAL METABOLISM OF BILE PIGMENTS albumin CELLS OF RES Indirect bilirubin 1,7-20,5 mkmol/l Indirect bilirubin Indirect bilirubin UDP-glucoronil-transferase NADP+ Biliverdin reductase albumin NADPH2 LIVER Bilirubin mono-glucoronid, 20 % Biliverdin Direct bilirubin 0.8-4.3 mkmol/l Iron Globin Bilirubin di-glucoronid, 80 % Verdoglobin BLOOD Dipyrols NADP+ Hemoxi-genase -glucoro-nidase Glucoronic acid NADPH2 ERYTHROCYTES BILE Hemoglobin Direct bilirubin KIDNEYS INTESTINE Mesobilirubin Mesobilirubin (urobilinogen) Stercobilinogen Stercobilinogen STOOL URINE Stercobilin Stercobilin

  7. What causes  bilirubin? Overproduction by reticuloendothelial system Failure of hepatocyte uptake Failure to conjugate or excrete Obstruction of biliary excretion into intestine • Normal Range of Bilirubin • It is normal to have some bilirubin in your blood. Normal levels are: • Direct (also called conjugated) bilirubin: 0 to 0.3 mg/dL • Total bilirubin: 0.3 to 1.9 mg/dL

  8. TYPES OF JAUNDICE

  9. TYPES OF JAUNDICE

  10. TYPES OF JAUNDICE

  11. There are other types of Jaundice : • Pathologic Jaundice Pathologic jaundice can occur in children and adults and is diagnosed when jaundice presents a health risk. Several forms of hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver and other liver diseases, bile duct blockage, along with infections and medications, can also cause pathological jaundice. • Gilbert Syndrome Jaundice • Gilbert's syndrome is a harmless hereditary condition that results in mild jaundice. During times of illness or stress, people with Gilbert's syndrome will experience low levels of some bilirubin-processing enzymes in their livers, according to LabTestsOnline.com. Once diagnosed, Gilbert's syndrome does not require further medical treatment.

  12. Neonatal Jaundice • Jaundice is clinically detectable in the newborn when the serum bilirubin levels are greater than 85 μmol/L. This occurs in approximately 60% of term infants and 80% of preterm infants. • Neonatal jaundice first becomes visible in the face and forehead. Blanching reveals the underlying colour. Jaundice then gradually becomes visible on the trunk and extremities.

  13. Signs and Symptoms of Neonatal Jaundice Newborns, as the bilirubin level rises, jaundice will typically progress from the head to the trunk, and then to the hands and feet. Additional signs and symptoms that may be seen in the newborn include: poor feeding lethargy changes in muscle tone high-pitched crying seizures.

  14. HEMOLYTIC (PREHEPATIC) JAUNDICE Jaundice due to the excessive breakdown of red blood cells. • Causes: • sickle cell anemia, • malaria, • thalassemia, • autoimmune disorders, • massive hemorrhage

  15. METABOLISM OF BILE PIGMENTS IN HEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE CELLS OF RES albumin Indirect bilirubin Indirect bilirubin Indirect bilirubin UDP-glucoronil-transferase NADP+ Biliverdin reductase albumin NADPH2 LIVER Bilirubin mono-glucoronid, 20 % Biliverdin Direct bilirubin Iron Globin Bilirubin diglucoronid, 80 % Verdoglobin BLOOD NADP+ Hemoxi- genase -glucoro- nidase Glucoronic acid NADPH2 BILE Hemoglobin ERYTHROCYTES Direct bilirubin KIDNEYS INTESTINE Mesobilirubin Mesobilinogen (urobilinogen) Stercobilinogen Stercobilinogen Urobilin Stercobilin STOOL Stercobilin URINE Urine dark Stool hypercholic

  16. PARENCHYMAL (HEPATIC) JAUNDICE occurs due to the liver disease and inability of liver to metabolize and remove bilirubin from the biliary system • Causes: • cirrhosis, • cancer, • viral hepatitis, • Gilbert’s syndrome, toxins or drugs, etc.

  17. METABOLISM OF BILE PIGMENTS IN HEPATIC JAUNDICE albumin CELLS OF RES Indirect bilirubin Indirect bilirubin Indirect bilirubin UDP-glucoronil-transferase NADP+ Biliverdin reductase albumin LIVER NADPH2 Bilirubin mono-glucoronid, 20 % Biliverdin Direct bilirubin BLOOD Iron Bilirubin diglucoronid, 80 % Globin Verdoglobin NADP+ Hemoxi- genase -glucoro- nidase Glucoronic acid NADPH2 BILE ERYTHROCYTES Hemoglobin Direct bilirubin KIDNEYS INTESTINE Mesobilirubin Urobilinogen Mesobilinogen (urobilinogen) Stercobi-linogen Stercobilinogen Urobilin Stercobilin Bilirubin STOOL URINE Stercobilin Urine dark Stool hypocholic

  18. ОBSTRUCTIVE (POST-HEPATIC) JAUNDICE Obstructive jaundice is a condition in which there is blockage of the flow of bile out of the liver INTRAHEPATIC EXTRAHEPATIC

  19. ОBSTRUCTIVE (POST-HEPATIC) JAUNDICE is caused by obstruction of bile flow from the liver • Causes: • carcinoma in the bile duct or gall bladder, • presence of gallstones in the biliary system, • infection by parasites, • pancreatitis, etc.

  20. METABOLISM OF BILE PIGMENTS IN OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE albumin CELLS OF RES Indirect bilirubin Indirect bilirubin Indirect bilirubin UDP-glucoronil-transferase NADP+ albumin Biliverdin reductase NADPH2 LIVER Bilirubin mono-glucoronid, 20 % Biliverdin Direct bilirubin Iron Globin Bilirubin diglucoronid, 80 % BLOOD Verdoglobin Bile acids NADP+ Hemoxi- genase -glucoro- nidase Glucoronic acid NADPH2 ERYTHROCYTES Hemoglobin BILE Direct bilirubin Direct bilirubin KIDNEYS INTESTINE Direct bilirubin Bile acids Direct bilirubin URINE STOOL Stool acholic, steatorhea Urine dark, foaming

  21. Causes of Obstructive Jaundice: intrahepatic • Primary biliary cirrhosis • Sclerosing cholangitis (Inflammation/scarring) Primary biliary cirrhosis Sclerosing cholangitis (Inflammation/scarring)

  22. Causes of Obstructive Jaundice: Extrahepatic • Choledocholithiasis • Malignancy : Pancreatic (head of pancreas) carcinoma Choledocholithiasis Malignancy : Pancreatic (head of pancreas) carcinoma

  23. Removal of Obstruction Jaundice • Non-surgical • Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy • Non-invasive • successive shock wave pressure pulses • fragment the stones into smaller pieces so they can easily pass through the duct • Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangionpancreatography • insertion of the endoscope up into the ducts in a direction opposite to or against the normal flow of bile down the ducts (retrograde)

  24. Surgical • Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy • aka minimally invasive surgery(MIS), bandaid surgery, keyhole surgery, or pinhole surgery • small incisions, usually 0.5-1.5 cm • Laparoscope: a telescopic rod lens system, that is usually connected to a video camera. • fiber optic cable system connected to a light source and cannula or trocar for view of the operative field

  25. Causes of Jaundice Jaundice occurs when there is: too much bilirubin being produced for the liver to remove from the blood (for example, patients with hemolytic anemia have an abnormally rapid rate of destruction of their red blood cells that releases large amounts of bilirubin into the blood) a defect in the liver that prevents bilirubin from being removed from the blood, converted to bilirubin/glucuronic acid (conjugated) or secreted in bile; or

  26. 3- blockage of the bile ducts that decreases the flow of bile and bilirubin from the liver into the intestines. For example, the bile ducts can be blocked by cancer, gallstones, or inflammation of the bile ducts. The decreased conjugation, secretion, or flow of bile that can result in jaundice is referred to as cholestasis: however, cholestasis does not always result in jaundice.

  27. Signs and Symptoms of Jaundice • Common signs and symptoms seen in individuals with jaundice include: • yellow discoloration of the skin • mucous membranes • the whites of the eyes • light-colored stools • dark-colored urine • itching of the skin. • nausea and vomiting • abdominal pain • fever • weakness • loss of appetite • headache • confusion • swelling of the legs and abdomen.

  28. Diagnosis of Jaundice • The health care provider will perform a physical exam. This may reveal liver swelling. • A bilirubin blood test will be done. • Other tests vary, but may include: • Hepatitis virus panel to look for infection of the liver • Liver function tests to determine how well the liver is working • Complete blood count to check for low blood count or anemia • Abdominal ultrasound • Abdominal CT scan • Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) • Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram (PTCA) • Liver biopsy • Cholesterol level • Prothrombin time

  29. Imaging tests If intra-hepatic jaundice or post-hepatic jaundice is suspected, it's often possible to confirm the diagnosis using imaging tests to check for any abnormalities inside the liver or bile duct systems

  30. Table of diagnostic tests

  31. What about jaundice in pregnancy? Most of the diseases discussed previously can affect women during pregnancy, but there are some additional causes of jaundice that are unique to pregnancy. 1- Cholestasis of pregnancy. Cholestasis of pregnancy is an uncommon condition that occurs in pregnant women during the third trimester. The cholestasis often is accompanied by itching but infrequently causes jaundice. The itching can be severe, but can be treated with drugs (ursodeoxycholic acid or ursodiol [Actigall, Urso]). There also is an association between cholestasis of pregnancy and cholestasis caused by oral estrogens, and it has been hypothesized that it is the increased estrogens during pregnancy that are responsible for the cholestasis of pregnancy.

  32. 2- Pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia, previously called toxemia of pregnancy, is a disease that occurs during the second half of pregnancy and involves several systems within the body, including the liver. It may result in high blood pressure, fluid retention, and damage to the kidneys as well as anemia and reduced numbers of platelets (thrombocytopenia) due to destruction of red blood cells and platelets. It often causes problems in the fetus. Although the bilirubin level in the blood is elevated in pre-eclampsia, it usually is mildly elevated, and jaundice is uncommon. 3- Acute fatty liver of pregnancy. Acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP) is a very serious complication of pregnancy. The cause of AFLP is unclear, but is often associated with pre-eclampsia. It occurs late in pregnancy and results in failure of the liver. It can almost always be reversed by immediate delivery of the fetus. There is an increased risk of infant death. Jaundice is common, but is not always present in AFLP.

  33. Jaundice in Pregnancy

  34. Can we prevent Jaundice? • Due to the wide range of potential causes, it's not possible to prevent all cases of jaundice. However, there are four main precautions that you can take to minimise your risk of developing jaundice. They are: • ensuring that you stick to the recommended daily amount (RDA) for alcohol consumption • maintaining a healthy weight for your height and build • if appropriate, ensuring that you're vaccinated against a hepatitis A or B infection, vaccination would usually only be recommended depending on where in the world you're travelling . • minimizing your risk of exposure to hepatitis C because there's currently no vaccine for the condition .

  35. Jaundice Treatment • Treatment depends on the cause of the underlying condition leading to jaundice and any potential complications related to it. Once a diagnosis is made, treatment can then be directed to address that particular condition, and it may or may not require hospitalization. • Treatment may consist of expectant management (watchful waiting) at home with rest. • Medical treatment with intravenous fluids, medications, antibiotics, or blood transfusions may be required. • If a drug/toxin is the cause, these must be discontinued. • In certain cases of newborn jaundice, exposing the baby to special colored lights (phototherapy) or exchange blood transfusions may be required to decrease elevated bilirubin levels. • Surgical treatment may be required in case of obstruction jaundice.

  36. Thank you!

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