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Science 8 Module E Unit 1 Lesson 1 Earth’s Spheres

Science 8 Module E Unit 1 Lesson 1 Earth’s Spheres. Earth System- all of the matter, energy, and processes within Earth’s boundary. Geosphere - the mostly solid, rocky part of the Earth. Crust- thin outer layer made mostly of silicate minerals.

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Science 8 Module E Unit 1 Lesson 1 Earth’s Spheres

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  1. Science 8Module EUnit 1Lesson 1Earth’s Spheres

  2. Earth System- all of the matter, energy, and processes within Earth’s boundary

  3. Geosphere - the mostly solid, rocky part of the Earth Crust- thin outer layer made mostly of silicate minerals Mantle- made of very hot, very slow flowing, solid rock Core – the Earth’s center, made of iron and nickel

  4. Hydrosphere- the part of Earth that is liquid water Cryosphere- made up of all the frozen water on Earth Hydrosphere BothCryosphere • Composed of water molecules • one of Earth’s spheres • Frozen water on Earth in various forms of ice and snow • Liquid water accounts for most of the water on Earth

  5. Atmosphere- the mostly invisible gasses that surround Earth

  6. Biosphere- the living things and the areas of the Earth where they are found

  7. Which spheres are interacting when a volcano erupts? Atmosphere Geosphere Biosphere

  8. Energy Budget- a way to keep track of energy transfers into and out of the Earth system

  9. Science 8Module EUnit 1Lesson 2Weathering

  10. Weathering- the process of rock material breaking down Physical Weathering- the process by which rock material is broken down in to smaller pieces by physical change Abrasion- the breaking down and wearing away of rock material by the mechanical action of other rocks Chemical Weathering- the process by which rock material is broken down into smaller piece by chemical change Oxidation- the process by which other chemicals combine with oxygen Acid Precipitation- precipitation that contains a high concentration of acids caused by the burning of fossil fuels or other chemicals

  11. Science 8Module EUnit 1Lesson 3Erosion and Deposition by Water

  12. Erosion- the process by which sediment and other materials are moved from one place to another Deposition- the process by which eroded materials dropped Floodplain- an area along the river that forms from sediment deposited when the river overflows it banks Delta- a mass of material deposited in a triangular or fan shape at the mouth of a river or stream Alluvial Fan- a fan-shaped mass of material deposited by a stream when the slope of the land decreased sharply

  13. Groundwater- water that is below the surface of the earth Sinkhole- ground water level in a cave drops and the roof of the cave collapses causing a circular depression Shoreline- the boundary between land and a body of water Longshore Current- cause by waves hitting the shore at an angle Beach- an area of shoreline that is made up of material deposited by waves and currents Sandbar- a low ridge of sand deposited along the shore of a lake or sea Barrier Island- a long ridge of sand or narrow island that lies parallel to the shore

  14. Science 8Module EUnit 1Lesson 4Erosion and Deposition by Wind, Ice and Gravity

  15. Abrasion- the grinding and wearing down of the surface over time. Deflation- the removal of fine sediment by wind Dune- mounds of wind deposited sand Loess- wind-blown deposits of fine-grained sediments

  16. Glacier- large masses of flowing ice Glacial Drift- general term for all materials carried and deposited by a glacier Arête- jagged ridges that form between two or more cirques that cut into the same mountain. Cirque- bowl shaped depressions where glaciers cut into the mountain Horn- sharp pyramids like peaks where several arêtes join together. U-Shaped Valley- form where glaciers erode the river bottom. Hanging Valley- small glacier valleys that join the deeper main valley. (Many form water falls)

  17. Cirques Horn Arête U- Shaped Valley U- Shaped Valley

  18. Creep-extremely slow movement of materials down hill Rockfall- loose rocks falling down an steep slope Landslide- the sudden and rapid movement of a large amount of material down hill Mudflow- rapid movement of a large mass of mud

  19. Rock abrasionWind both Glaciers *Drag sand, dirt & other materials against the surface of exposed rocks *Faster *Can carry heavier material *Can press materials into the rocks *Typically slower because wind cannot carry as heavy of material

  20. Science 8Module EUnit 1Lesson 5Soil Formation

  21. Soil- a loose mixture of small rock fragments, organic matter, water and air that can support the growth of vegetation Humus- the decomposed remains or organic material Soil Profile- vertical section of soil that shows all the different layers Soil Horizon- layers of soil with distinct physical properties in a soil profile

  22. Probably has a lot of humus • In A horizon • Has a large volume of well-connected pore spaces • Has high fertility Soil A is black, well-drained, and good for growing plants Soil B is grey and feels smooth and sticky Soil Properties:Possible Reasons: • Has a lot of clay and very little sand • Poorly drained and in a wet environment

  23. Area where Soil Develops Slowly: • Steep slope • Cold, dry place • Few animals or plants Area where Soil Develops Quickly: • Flat area • Valley bottom • Moderate precipitation and a warm climate • Lots of plants and animals

  24. Test Review Delta- The slowing of river water as it enters the ocean Chemical Weathering- the process by which rock material is broken down into smaller piece by chemical change Physical Weathering- the process by which rock material is broken down in to smaller pieces by physical change Humus- the decomposed remains or organic material Erosion- the larger the slope, the more erosion Abrasion- grinding and wearing down of the surface over time. Sediment- the material left behind weathering Gravity- the force responsible for erosion and deposition Glacial Drift- materials carried and deposited by a glacier

  25. Underground Caverns are formed from the erosion of ground water Earth is 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen and 1% other gases. Order of the geosphere: core, mantle, crust * After a glacier moves through a valley I would expect to find a U-shaped profile. This happens because the glacier causes erosion and the breaking up of rocks. It carries the rocks and sediment, pushing it to the sides of the crater changing the V-shaped valley to a U-shaped valley.

  26. Hydrosphere: oceans, rivers, lakes and groundwater • Cryosphere: solid water AKA ice • Atmosphere: water vapor or precipitation • Biosphere: liquid water in organisms • Geosphere: liquid water in aquifers (ground water)

  27. UNIT 2Earth’s HistoryLesson 1:Geologic Change over Time

  28. Uniformitarianism- Fossils- Trace fossils- Pangaea- Climate- Ice core-

  29. UNIT 2Earth’s HistoryLesson 2:Relative Dating

  30. UNIT 2Earth’s HistoryLesson 3:Absolute Dating

  31. UNIT 2Earth’s HistoryLesson 4:The Geologic Time Scale

  32. Module EUNIT 3Mineral ResourcesLesson 1Minerals

  33. Mineral-a natural, usually inorganic solid that has a characteristic chemical composition and an orderly internal structure Elements- a substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means Atoms- the smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element Compound- a substance made up of two or more different elements, joined together by chemical bonds Matter- anything that has mass and takes up space (Volume) Inorganic- usually NOT made up of living things or the remains of living things Crystal- a solid whose atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern

  34. MINERALS Silicates Nonsilictes • Native Elements • Halides • Sulfates • Carbonates • Oxides • Sulfides

  35. Properties of a Mineral: Streak- the color of a mineral in powder form Luster- the way a mineral reflects light Cleavage- (geology) the tendency of a mineral to split along specific planes of weakness to form smooth, flat surfaces Density- the measure of how much matter is in a given space Hardness- a mineral’s resistance to being scratched Color/ Special Properties

  36. Module EUNIT 3Mineral ResourcesLesson 2The Rock Cycle

  37. Weathering- the natural process of decomposing and disintegrating rocks Erosion- the process by which sediment and other materials are moved from one place to another Deposition- the process by which material is deposited

  38. Igneous Rock- Rock that forms when magma cools and solidifies

  39. Sedimentary Rock- rock that was formed from compressed or cemented layers of sediment

  40. Metamorphic Rock- rock that forms from other rocks as a result of intense heat, pressure, or chemical processes

  41. Rock Cycle- the process in which rock forms, changes from one type to another, is broken down/melted, and forms again by geologic process Earth’s crust to lower elevations

  42. Uplift- the rising of regions of Earth’s crust to higher elevations Subsidence- the sinking of regions of Earth’s crust to lower elevations Rift Zone- an area of deep cracks that forms between two tectonic plates that are pulling away from each other

  43. Module EUNIT 3Mineral ResourcesLesson 3Three Classes of Rocks

  44. Rock- a naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals or organic matter Composition- the chemical makeup of a rock; describes either the minerals or other materials in the rock Texture- the quality of a rock that is based on size, shape, position of the rock’s grains

  45. Intrusive Igneous Rock Extrusive Igneous RockBoth *Forms within the Earth’s crust *Crystal growth is slow *Course grained texture *Forms at or near Earth’s surface *Crystal grow this fast *Fine grained texture *Forms when molten lava/magma cools and solidifies

  46. UNIT 3 TEST REVIEW Erosion- the process by which sediment and other materials are moved from one place to another Weathering- the process of rock material breaking down Density Texture- size, shape, and composition of the rock’s grains Metamorphism- changes caused by temperature, pressure and chemical makeup Rift Zone- an area of deep cracks that forms between two tectonic plates that are pulling away from each other, magma may flow up in rift zones

  47. Sedimentary Rocks formation process: cementation Cooling lava vs. cooling magma: cooling lava creates a dark colored, fine grained rock cooling magma creates a light colored, coarse grained rock. Draw a crystalline pattern on the back: How does magma turn into igneous rock? It changes from a liquid state to a solid state How does metamorphic rock turn to sedimentary rock? It is heated up and under pressure. X

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