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Language

Language. Chapter 5. Language is:. A structured system of symbols used for communicating meaning. Language is Symbolic. Each word represents a particular object or idea, but it does not constitute the object or idea itself. Language is Rule-Governed.

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Language

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  1. Language Chapter 5

  2. Languageis: A structured system of symbols used for communicating meaning

  3. Language is Symbolic Each word represents a particular object or idea, but it does not constitute the object or idea itself

  4. Language is Rule-Governed • Phonological rules:the correct pronunciation of a word • Syntactic rules:the ordering of words within phrases • Semantic rules:the meaning of individual words • Pragmatic rules:implications or interpretations of statements McGraw-Hill

  5. Language Has Layers of Meaning • Denotative meaning: the literal meaning of a word • Formal definition (if you looked up word in dictionary) • Connotative meaning: the implications that a word suggests in addition to its literal meaning • Based in your personal experience with the word McGraw-Hill

  6. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

  7. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis • Language influences the ways that members of a culture see the world • Principles • Linguistic Determinism:the structure of language determines how we think • Linguistic Relativity:because language determines our perceptions of reality, people who speak different languages will see the world differently • Criticisms

  8. Semantic Triangle • The symbol is the word being communicated • The referentis the word’s denotative meaning • The reference /thought is the connotative meaning

  9. Impact of Language • Sexist Language • Racist Language • Ambiguity • Abstraction

  10. Impact of Language • Sexism • Language that unnecessarily differentiates between males and females, or trivialize/diminish either sex. • Racism • Racist language classifies members of one racial group as superior and others as inferior.

  11. Impact of Language • Precision • Be specific, use follow-up questions or feedback to clarify and misunderstandings • Vagueness • Ambiguous Language • Consists of words and phrases that have more than one commonly-accepted definition • Precision • Be specific, use follow-up questions or feedback to clarify and misunderstandings • Vagueness • Ambiguous Language • Consists of words and phrases that have more than one commonly-accepted definition

  12. Abstraction • Euphemisms: • Soft Talk • “Passed away” • “Sleep together” • Relative Language: • Showing comparison • Static Evaluation: • People are consistent and never change

  13. Impact of Language • Shows Affiliation • Convergence • Adapting your speech style to match others, with whom you want to communicate. • Divergence • Speaking in a way emphasizing differences.

  14. Impact of Language • Powerless Language • Tentative and indirect word choices and hedging • Example: Disclaimer • May be an attempt to show politeness • Powerful Language • Direct, forceful, declaration, and assertions

  15. Naming Defines and Differentiates Us • Naming and Identity • What our name communicates to others • Modern vs. older-sounding names • Can convey info re: ethnicity • Name Practices • Varies based on history, culture, religion, etc. • Your name tells your story

  16. We Use Words to Persuade • Persuasion • The process of moving people to think or act in a certain way • Aristotle’s rhetorical proof: • Logos—logic • Ethos—ethics • Pathos—emotion (think “pathetic”)

  17. TYPES OF EMOTIONAL APPEALS Appeal to Shame Appeal to Anger Appeal to Sadness Appeal to Fear Appeal to Guilt Appeal to Joy Appeal to Disgust

  18. Language and Responsibility • “I” statements • Claim ownership of what we are feeling or thinking • Assertiveness • “You” statements • Shift the responsibility to the other person • “It” statements • Replace personal pronouns with sense of less immediacy

  19. Language of Responsibility • “But” statements • May explain “why” • However, “but” may cancel thought preceding it • “We” language • Implies the issue is the concern and responsibility of both speaker and sender • Creates sense of immediacy

  20. Online Language and Impression Management • Can manipulate identity through photos and self-descriptions • Gender Differences • Men and women use different styles

  21. Language Expresses Emotion and IntimacyAcknowledge the loss. Express sympathy. Offer a positive reflection. Offer assistance.Clip: Reagan—Challenger Disaster

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