Urban Planning & Environmental Governance 56 th Senior Staff Course BPATC, Savar, Dhaka.

1. Urban Planning & Environmental Governance 56th Senior Staff Course BPATC, Savar, Dhaka. Paper prepared by Md. Shamsul Arefin Director General ( Designate) Rural Development Academy, Bogra Dated: 03-08-2011 M. ShamsulArefin

2. Definition of Urban Planning • Urban Planning" means the scientific, aesthetic, and orderly disposition of land, resources, facilities and services with a view to securing the physical, economic and social efficiency, health and well-being of urban communities. • The goal of urban planning is to ensure welfare of the people and their communities by creating convenient, equitable, healthful, efficient, and attractive environments for present and future generations. (Agenda 21)

3. Scope of Urban Planning • Deals with the future of a city. • Manages urban growth • Considerations: the physical, social and economic aspects of communities and examine the connections among them. • Highly collaborative process: Working with local residents, politicians, and special groups. • Much of planning is functional.

4. What do planners do? • Planners formulate plans to meet the social, economic, and physical needs of communities, and they develop the strategies to make these plans work, such as; • Land use patterns • Housing needs • Parks and recreation • Roads and transportation systems, • Economic development strategies

5. Planning Process • Land use and its organization is an important function in the planning process • Why your city is different from other cities in terms of layout , size and scenic beauty • Historical factors • Economic factors • Geographical factors • Political factors • Other considerations

6. The planning profession deals with urbanization issues, such as: • conversion of land from natural habitats to urban built areas, • maintenance and use of natural resources and habitats, • development of transportation related infrastructure, • environmental protection.

7. Planners not only deal with land use, but also: • Planning social and community services, • Managing cultural and heritage resources, • Creating economic capacity in local communities, • Addressing transportation and infrastructure issues, • Planners must feel comfortable interpreting population statistics, economic and social data, geographical information, resource inventories and environmental indicators and have a genuine interest in geography and environment.

8. Urban Planning people • recommend policy and guidelines on land use, environmental conservation, housing, and transportation; • do research and prepare reports on demographic, economic, cultural, social and environmental issues; • review proposals for development to ensure that they follow regulations and generally accepted planning practice; • prepare plans for developing private lands, providing public spaces and services and maintaining and improving the environment; • answer questions from the public on planning policies and procedures; • speak before public meetings or formal hearings; • consult with landowners, interest groups and citizens.

9. Pillars Urban Planning & Environment • Urban planning integrates land use planning and transportation planning to improve economic and social environments of cities. • Urban planner cares for environment • Urban Planners appreciate physical planning • Urban planners acknowledges concepts of sustainable development M. Shamsul Arefin

10. Urban Policy Initiatives • The National Report on Human Settlements submitted to the UN Habitat I conference held at Vancouver in Canada in 1976 came close to a policy statement on human settlements and urbanization. • Besides this, the various five year plan documents prepared between 1973 and 1998 also indicated urban policy directions. • The National Habitat Report had recommended that various planning regions were to be identified and in each region one medium-sized town would be chosen as focal point of regional growth. • The National Housing Policy 1993, • The Bangladesh Urban and Shelter Sector Review (1993), M. Shamsul Arefin

11. Why Do We Need Urban Planning? • A city government usually includes sectoral approaches that manage individual sectors such as: • Transport • Water and sewer • Land • Housing, etc. • Waste Management • Pollution control • Good sectoral management is indispensable but it is not enough!

12. Urban Planning Work Across Sectors • By contrast with sector managers, Urban Planners work across sectors • For this reason their contribution to the efficiency of a city is unique

13. Urban Planning • Physician Benjamin Ward Richardson wrote Hygeia, City of Health (1876) envisioning: • air pollution control • water purification • sewage handling • public transport • public health • Waste management

14. Father of City Planning The Greek Hippodamus (c. 407 BC) has been known as the "Father of City Planning" for his design of Miletus; Alexander commissioned him to lay out his new city of Alexandria, the grandest example of idealized urban planning of the ancient Mediterranean world. M. Shamsul Arefin

15. Olmsted’s Park Design Principles • SCENERY: design spaces in which movement creates constant opening up of new views and “obscurity of detail further away” • SUITABILITY: respect the natural scenery and topography of the site • STYLE: • “Pastoral” = open greensward with small bodies of water and scattered trees and groves create a soothing, restorative atmosphere • “Picturesque = profuse planting, especially with shrubs, creepers and ground cover, on steep and broken terrain create a sense of the richness and bounteousness of nature, produce a sense of mystery with light and shade • “Art to conceal Art” • SEPARATION: • of areas designed in different styles • of ways, in order to ensure safety • SANITATION: promote both the physical and mental health of users Source: National Association of Olmsted Parks: http://www.olmsted.org/pages/philosophy.htm

16. Settlement House Movement • Jane Addams founded Hull House (Chicago) 1889 • Housing settlement must care for harmonious society

17. Garden Cities (a British innovation) • Ebenezer Howard: Garden Cities of Tomorrow (1902) • “three magnets” • town (high wages, opportunity, and amusement) • country (natural beauty, low rents, fresh air) • town-country (combination of both)

18. Ebenezer Howard • USA 1850-1928 • Opposed urban crowding/density • He wanted a city of village • Priority Area of urban policy • Water and sanitation • Energy • Health • Biodiversity protection and ecosystem management

20. Best Practice

21. Best practices of urban Planning • Water quality and sanitation is ensured • Most people have adequate light and air • Fire danger is controlled • Disease is controlled • Security is protected • Urban growth continues to create healthy and humanizing environments

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