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Students in American Higher Education

Students in American Higher Education. Karen Bauer IFST 689. Students of 21 st Century . Different from all previous generations of American college students Demographically Needs Attitudes Behaviors. Enrollment in Higher Education 1900-2010 projected. Millions. 16. . . 14. .

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Students in American Higher Education

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  1. Students in American Higher Education Karen Bauer IFST 689 KBauer IFST 689

  2. Students of 21st Century Different from all previous generations of American college students • Demographically • Needs • Attitudes • Behaviors KBauer IFST 689

  3. Enrollment in Higher Education 1900-2010 projected Millions 16   14   12 10  8 Estimate 6 4   2     KBauer IFST 689 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

  4. Proportion of 18-21 year olds enrolled in college out of 100 individuals Based on ACE (1997) & Flint (1997) KBauer IFST 689 Center for the Study of Higher Education Dr. A. F. Cabrera

  5. Percent of Women enrolled Source: 1998 Chronicle of Higher Education’s Almanac Issue KBauer IFST 689 Center for the Study of Higher Education Dr. A. F. Cabrera

  6. College Participation Rates18-24 year Old High School Graduates Center for the Study of Higher Education Dr. A. F. Cabrera Source of data: Carter D.J., & Wilson, R. (1997). Minorities in Higher Education: 1996-97 15th Annual Status Report. Washington, DC.: American Council on Education.

  7. PROJECTED PERCENTAGE CHANGE IN NUMBER OF HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATES 1996-97 to 2006-07 +29% +10% +5% -19% +14% +17% +17% +39% -12% +29% +7% -7% +15% +13% -18% +27% +16% +21% -5% +1% +17% +79 +3% +33% +3% -6% +17% -17% +36% +20% +19% +12% +35% +7% +51% -2% +24% +14% -2% +42 +16% +4% +9% -4% +30% +3% +15% -16% 40% and above +25% +57% 20% to 39% +10% 1% to 19% Decrease to 0% KBauer IFST 689

  8. College-Age Populations (18-24 years and 25- 29 years) with projections:1983-2008 millions 50 40 18-24 year old population 30 20 25-29 year old population 10 0 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008 KBauer IFST 689 year Source: NCES

  9. Percentage of Adults with a Bachelor's Degree or Higher 1990 23 20 19 18 22 21 24 18 18 24 17 23 19 27 17 21 18 19 17 15 27 17 16 22 25 21 23 12 27 27 21 25 18 14 21 33 17 16 20 18 13 20 17 20 15 16 19 16 20 23 18 23 23 + 18 to 22 KBauer IFST 689 0 to 17

  10. Average Tuition and Fees at4-Year Public, Private Campuses 1991 $16,000 $14,508 $14,000 1999 $12,000 $10,017 $10,000 $8,000 $6,000 $3,243 $4,000 $2,137 $2,000 $0 Four-Year Public Four-Year Private Percent Increase Four Year Public: 52% Four Year Private: 45% KBauer IFST 689

  11. Average Tuition and Fees For In-State Undergraduates at 4 Year Public Colleges & Universities, Fall 1999 $9,000 $8,044 $8,000 $6,939 $7,000 $6,436 $6,072 $6,000 $5,398 $4,939 $5,489 $4,453 $5,008 $5,000 $4,134 $3,957 $4,000 $3,339 $3,243 $3,000 $2,568 $2,000 $1,000 $0 CUNY Plattsburgh Ohio State U Conn U West Virginia National Average Rutgers College Penn State U New Hampshire U Mass Amherst SUNY - Albany U Maryland U Delaware U Vermont KBauer IFST 689

  12. Median Family Income by Educational Attainment of Householder 1956 to 1996 90000 80000 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996  5+ Years College  Bachelor’s Degree        1-3 Years College  Median Family Income in Constant 1966 Dollars       High School       1-3 Years High School     Eighth Grade    KBauer IFST 689 Cabrera-

  13. UNEMPLOYMENT RATE -- USA December 1999 unemployment rates of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational level (seasonally adjusted) % Overall = 4.1 Dr. Alberto F. Cabrera Source:Terenzini, Cabrera & Bernal (2000). Swimming against the tide.

  14. France Canada Belgium Denmark Australia United States Rates of Return for University Level Education, above a high school equivalent(1995 Report) 30 28 25 21 21 20 20 14 14 14 15 12 11 Men 10 8 8 7 5 Women 0 KBauer IFST 689

  15. College Impact Models • Spady: Student Access - Experience - Performance (1970, 1971) • Astin: Input - Environment - Output (1970) • Astin/Pace: Theory of Involvement (1985) • Pascarella: Model for Assessing Student Change (1985) • Weidman: Model for Undergraduate Socialization (1989) KBauer IFST 689

  16. Astin’s I - E - O Model Environment A B Inputs Outputs C KBauer IFST 689

  17. Spady’s (1971) Empirical Model of the Undergraduate Dropout Process Satisfaction Grade Performance Academic Potential Intellectual Development Dropout Decision Family Background Social Integration Institutional Commitment Normative Congruence Significant independent effects for: Structural Relations Both sexes Women only Men only Friendship Support KBauer IFST 689

  18. Pascarella’s (1985) General Causal Model • Structural/ • Organizational • Characteristics • Of Institutions • e.g. • Enrollment • Fac-Stu Ratio • Selectivity • % Residential • Interactions • With Agents • Of Socialization • e.g. • Faculty • Peers Learning and Cognitive Development • Student Background/ • Pre-college Traits • e.g. • Aptitude • Achievement • Personality • Aspiration • Ethnicity Institutional Environment Quality of Student Effort KBauer IFST 689

  19. Academic Variables Study Hours Study Skills Academic Advising Absenteeism Major & Job Certainty Academic Outcome GPA Background And Defining Variables Age Hours Enrolled Educational Goals High School Performance Ethnicity Gender Intent to leave Dropout Psychological Outcomes Utility Satisfaction Goal Commitment Stress Environmental Variables Finances Hours of Employment Outside Encouragement Family Responsibilities Opportunity to transfer Social Integration Variables Memberships Faculty Contact School Friends Key: Direct Effects Direct Effects presumed to be most important Possible Effects Metzner and Bean’s (1987) Conceptual Model of Nontraditional Student Attrition KBauer IFST 689

  20. Formal Formal Intentions Intentions Extracurricular Activities Academic Performance Goals and Institutional Commitments Goals and Institutional Commitments Faculty/Staff Interactions Peer Group Interactions Informal Informal External Commitments External Commitments Tinto’s (1993) Longitudinal Model of Institutional Departure Goals/Commitments Institutional Experiences Pre-entry Attributes Integration Goals/Commitments Outcome Academic System Family Background Academic Integration Skills and Abilities Departure Decision Social Integration Prior Schooling Social System Time KBauer IFST 689

  21. The Role of Finances in the Persistence Process(Cabrera, Nora, and Castaneda (1992) Financial Aid Academic & Intellectual Development Institutional Commitment Pre-college Academic Performance Intent to Persist Persistence Decisions GPA Goal Commitment Significant Others Encouragement Social Integration Financial Attitudes KBauer IFST 689

  22. The Student Learning Model Institutional Context Coursework & Curricular Patterns Student Pre-college Traits Out-of-Class Experiences Learning Outcomes Classroom Experiences ---- Reciprocal effects KBauer IFST 689 Source: Terenzini, et al., 1995

  23. many theoretical views to guide our actions • Which one(s) do you use to guide your thinking? KBauer IFST 689

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