Biogeochemistry of Coastal Systems: Fluxes and Cycling, Ecosystem Dynamics, and Human Impacts

1. Biogeochemistry of Coastal Systems: Fluxes and Cycling, Ecosystem Dynamics, and Human Impacts • Personnel • Eric De Carlo • Brian Glazer • Fred Mackenzie • Kathleen Ruttenberg • Frank Sansone • David Ho • Focus Areas • Sediment-Seawater fluxes • Land-Sea exchange • Nutrients • Coastal Carbon (CO2) cycling Common Elements - Coastal Ocean Observing Systems with In-Situ Instrumentation - Interdisciplinary, Hypothesis-Driven Science - Relevance for Local and Global Environmental Change - Local Outreach

2. Biogeochemistry of coastal systems: Sediment-SW fluxes, Land-sea exchange, Nutrients, CO2 Sediment-Seawater Fluxes • Sandy, permeable sediments are very common in nearshore waters • High rates of organic matter recycling • High rates of exchange with overlying seawater • Large impacts on coastal biogeochemistry • Poorly studied until recently • We are studying diagenesis and resulting sediment-seawater fluxes at Kilo Nalu • Diver-installed wells for sampling porewater • Remotely-operated experiments measuring sediment-seawater fluxes Frank Sansone (Ocean) Geno Pawlak (ORE) Mark Merrifield (Ocean) Funding: NSF

3. Biogeochemistry of coastal systems: Sediment-SW fluxes, Land-sea exchange, Nutrients, CO2 Land-Sea Exchange Across the Coastal Zone Nuisance macro-algal blooms cause large impacts on Maui, but the source of the nutrients driving the blooms has never been identified Our research indicates that nearshore nutrient levels reflect a complex interplay of: • Groundwater input • Tide • Wind • Diel variation in sediment diagenesis Radionuclide and stable-isotopic tracers are proving to be key tools in understanding this complex system • PI’s: • Celia Smith (Botany) • Frank Sansone (Ocean) • Funding: • NOAA - Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms

4. Biogeochemistry of coastal systems: Sediment-SW fluxes, Land-sea exchange, Nutrients, CO2 Bottom & Storm Sediment Impacts on Nutrient Cycling in He’eia Fishpond • Personnel: PIs: K. Ruttenberg B. Glazer M. McManus Grad students: R. Briggs C. Young GES students: D. Sulak D. Hull High school students: Linda Rui Lili Zhao •The Pond: - Southern bank of He’eia Stream on K-bay - Stewards: Paepae O He’eia & Kam Schools - Local historic and present-day significance - Anthropogenic impacts on ecology / aquaculture

5. Biogeochemistry of coastal systems: Sediment-SW fluxes, Land-sea exchange, Nutrients, CO2 Non-Cabled Coastal Observatory River Mouth • Storm sediment and nutrient inputs perturb coastal ecosystems • Anthropogenic activity within watershed has increased sediment influx, with potentially deleterious effects • We are studying the effects of storms and benthic sediments on nutrient cycling and ecosystem dynamics • In situ, continuous T, P, v • Discrete sampling of nutrients and phytoplankton • Nutrient forcing of algal community composition Ar P RM3 Ocn1 Aq 6*,** 7*,** T6 RM2 TM Aq 19** 5** P 8*,** River 4** RM1 OM1 Ar Site A P P 18*,** 9*,** 3*,** T5 T4 T3 PH2O-ref P OB 2** 17** 10** Ar Ocn2 1*,** 11** 16*,** Site B OM2 12** P 15*,** T2 13*,** T1 14** 20** PAir-ref

6. He’eia Fishpond

7. Biogeochemistry of coastal systems: Sediment-SW fluxes, Land-sea exchange, Nutrients, CO2 Cascade Head - Short residence time DIP not correlated with APA DIP exceeds DOP at 5m Cape Perpetua - Long residence time DIP correlates with APA DOP exceeds DIP at 5m APA repressed with DIP Diatoms Dinoflagellates NSF-OCE: Bathymetric Forcing of Nutrient Cycling in the Coastal Ocean Personnel: PI: K. Ruttenberg: Biogeochemistry Co-PIs: S. Dyhrman (WHOI): phytoplankton physiology, enzyme assays Y. Spitz (OSU): Coupled Physical-Ecosystem modeling Alkaline Phosphatase Activity )

8. Biogeochemistry of coastal systems: Sediment-SW fluxes, Land-sea exchange, Nutrients, CO2 CRIMP-CO2 and HiOOS buoys/sensors:New Opportunities • Development / expansion of collaborations • NOAA/PMEL • Hi-DOH • Hi-DLNR • Address shared state, Regional and • global interests • Provide platforms for technology development • Provide platforms for in-situ experiments • Educational component • train new workforce in operational oceanography • outreach opportunities at K-12 level • use of platform data for undergrad research projects

9. Biogeochemistry of coastal systems: Sediment-SW fluxes, Land-sea exchange, Nutrients, CO2 • Needs and Concerns • In-state nutrient analysis facility • Student / staff shop for fabricating field apparatus • Coastal research vessel for coring and vibracoring, land-sea radionuclide flux monitoring • Frozen & refrigerated storage on campus • Sea Grant provides a bridge to local stake holders; societally-relevant research is attractive to students • Inadequate GA stipend rate (<50% SOEST rate) • Required cost match presents significant challenge

10. Biogeochemistry of coastal systems: Sediment-SW fluxes, Land-sea exchange, Nutrients, CO2 Strategies to Consider • Prevail on Sea Grant to provide respectable RA support • Foster collaboration with other state agencies • Foster collaboration with industry • Expand and increase efficiency of ESF • Assist with data stream handling • Education/Public Outreach to facilitate field measurement-to-public products

11. Biogeochemistry of coastal systems: Sediment-SW fluxes, Land-sea exchange, CO2, Nutrients • Upcoming Research Initiatives • NSF • Ocean Carbon Biogeochemistry • Ocean Acidification • NOAA • Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms (ECOHAB) • Sea Grant

12. Biogeochemistry of coastal systems: Sediment-SW fluxes, Land-sea exchange, Nutrients, CO2 %DO He’eia Fishpond • Benthic-water column coupling: - benthic photosynthesis - diurnal O2 oscillations in bottom water & sediments pH Pressure Julian Day %DO swi • • Diurnal redox changes impact: • Magnitude and direction of sediment-seawater nutrient exchange • Water column nutrient inventories • Ecosystem structure and dynamics • Selection for indigenous vs. invasive species swi