1400s & 1500s Exam Review

1. 1400s & 1500sExam Review By: Paul Wagner Westley Short Juan Garcia

2. Renaissance

3. Brought to you by the Printing Press • Allowed ideas to pass around faster than you can say “Renaissance” • Invented by Johannes Gutenberg in 1450 • Could spread new ideas and information much faster than prior methods • Running town to town yelling, horseback, or carrier pigeons

4. The Start of Something New…For Some People • Renaissance = Rebirth • Fresh “restart” of European history post Black Death. • Two Renaissances • Italian (1300-1500s) • Northern (1450-1500s) • Only a small percentage of Europeans actually experienced the Renaissance. • Upper class did (Because of education) • Peasants were illiterate (Booo)

5. Why the “Renaissance”? • Jacob Burckhardt coined the modern concept of the Renaissance in his Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, published in 1860. • Portrayed Italy as the birthplace of the modern world.

6. The 5 City States of Italy • Duchy of Milan • Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan. • Republic of Venice • Governed by a small Oligarchy • Republic of Florence • Governed by small merchant oligarchy, aka, the Medici Family. • The Papal States • Pope. • Kingdom of Naples • Monarchy- Millions of illegitimate Ferdinands and Alfonsos

8. Economics • The economy was recovering from the Black Death and moving away from the middle ages. • Economy started to boom thanks to trade. • The Italian States dominated maritime trading • Thanks, Mediterranean! • Italians (Especially the Venetians) prospered from trade with the Ottoman Turks. • Industries took off • Woolen, printing, mining, metallurgy, and textile industries.

9. The Many Social Changes of the Renaissance • 3 Estates • 1st: Clergy • 2nd: Nobility • 3rd : The people that don’t matter

10. The Clergy • The reputation the Catholic Church and Clergy had was becoming very tarnished through… • Simony: Selling privileges or pardons • Pluralism: Holding more than one office in the Church • Absenteeism: Not showing up • Sale of Indulgences: Buying less Purgatory time • Nepotism: Patronage of positions in the Church • Moral Decline of the Papacy • Clerical Ignorance: Didn’t listen to the people and committed sins.

11. The People That Mattered In Society • Nobility • Dominated society as they had done during the middle ages, politically and economically, but definitely not in number. • Made up 2-3% of Society • Served as military officers and held political posts • Were educated • They experienced the Renaissance, because they could read.

12. Some People that Mattered More than the Other People that Mattered. • Cosimo de Medici • Was rich • Used his money to control Florence • Lorenzo the Magnificent • Huge Renaissance patron of the arts • Isabella d’Este (1474-1539) • “The First Lady of the Renaissance” • Well educated • Patron of the arts, founded women’s school • Ruled Mantua • Catherine de Medici (1519-1589) • Became Queen of France in 1547, ruled as regent until 1559 • Associated with the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

13. The Scum of Europe • Peasantry • 90% of the European population • Didn’t matter • Did nothing important other than keeping everyone fed and maintaining a stable economy. • Serfdom was declining • Nobility forced them to pay rent, now that they’re “free”. • AKA They weren’t free.

14. The Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli • Important book

15. But Really • This book influenced political rule and how it was operated. • Addressed the acquisition and expansion of political power as the means to restore and maintain order during the Ruler’s rule. • Cesar Borgia • Good example of a Machiavellian ruler • Ruthless measures to achieve his goals

16. Humanism • An intellectual movement based on the study of the classical literary works of Greece and Rome • Studied the liberal arts • Grammar, poetry, moral philosophy, and history • Re-emphasized the importance of humans, hence “Humanism” • Petrarch was the father of Humanism • Used an Italian vernacular

17. More stuff about “Humanism” • Rejected Aristotle’s views and Scholasticism • Cicero’s views were also rejected. • So were Livy, Virgil, Quitilian, Plato, the New Testament, and early Christian writings. • Thomas More’s nook Utopia was based on humanist ideals.

18. The Artistic Renaissance • Influenced by classical Greek and Roman • Use of new material in sculpting, such as bronze • Moved away from Gothic art • Large sculptures • Considered the imitation of nature to be their primary goal • Art emphasized humans, because of “Humanism”

19. Some Influential Artists • Donatello (di Niccollo di BettoBardi) • Sculptor and crime fighting turtle • Michelangelo (di LodovicoBuonarrotiSimoni) • Sculptor, painter, architect, poet, engineer, and crime fighting turtle. • Leonardo (da Vinci) • Painter, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, writer, and crime fighting turtle. • Raphael ( Sanzio da Urbino) • Painter, architect, and crime fighting turtle

20. The Northern Renaissance • Held on to Gothic style art and architecture. • The North had less markets than Italy did • Jan Van Eyke • First to use oil paint • Focused on emphasizing details of every object • Albrecht Durer • Traveled to Italy and absorbed the Italians ways of perspective • Entwined what he learned with his paintings in the North. Virgin and Child with Canon van der Paele

21. Reformation

22. Why Reform? • Anger the Catholic Church • The Church was losing its good reputation as it was becoming more and more corrupt. • Critics of the Church spread new ideas like a personal relationship with God • John Wyclif • John Hus • Thomas a Kempis • Erasmus- The Praise of Folly • Humorous yet effective criticism of the corruption of the Church

23. Why else? • People were questioning the validity of the Catholic Bible. • The Italian Renaissance de- emphasized religion • Secularized ideas were being spread due to the renaissance • New individuals seeking to radically change the church’s corruption • Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin

24. I Have a Dream, That One Day, the Church Won’t be Corrupt • Martin Luther • To Luther, humans are saved not through their good works, but through faith in the promises of God • The Bible, for Luther, was a chief guide to religious truth. • Was against the sale of indulgences • Wrote his 95 Theses in which he questioned the scriptural authority of Pope Leo X to grant indulgences. • Used the printing press to mass distribute his 95 These and gain support

25. What was his Dream? • Luther did not want to leave the Catholic Church, just reform what he found to be against the Bible. • Claimed that the Bible was the sole authority • Believed in Priesthood of all believers, not a hierarchical structure • Contrary to his dream, Pop Leo X excommunicated him

26. So What Happened to Luther? • Diet of Worms 1521 • Power of the Holy Roman Empire to outlaw and sentence executions • Edict of Worms 1521 • Luther was officially outlawed as a heretic after refusing to recant upon Charles V • He was taken under the protection of Frederick III of Saxony

27. He Still has a Dream • Translated the Bible into the vernacular meaning all literate Germans could access the scriptures. • The Confessions of Augsburg in 1530 by Philip Malanchthon led to become the Lutheran Church’s traditional statements.

28. Rise of the Ism • The rise of these different religions were radical ways of dealing with the Catholic church. • Lutheranism- This is a branch of Protestantism that Identifies with Luther's views. • Calvinism- Differed with Luther's view primarily with the concept of predestination.

29. Rise of the Ism Cont. • Zwingli- He fought for change even before Martin Luther. He disagreed with Luther's view on Clerical celibacy and fasting during Lent. • Anglicanism also had varying views from these different religions, such as Adult Baptism. Ulrich Zwingli

30. The Counter (Catholic) Reformation • Pope Paul III • Most important pope in reforming the Church and dealing with the Protestants. • Worked to improve the Church through existing doctrines.

31. Council of Trent • Three sessions between 1545-1563 • Established Catholic dogma for the next 40 years • Achieve salvation by both faith and good deeds • Issued the “Index of Forbidden Books” • Banned books that posed a threat to the Church • Ridded the sale of indulgences • Bishops were no longer given control over the clergy

32. The Society of Jesus • Jesuits • Wanted to reform the church through education • Spread the Gospel • Battle Protestantism • Ignatius Loyola was the founder of the society. • Established Jesuit schools throughout Europe. • Oversaw both the Italian and Spanish Inquisitions in 1542.

33. Religious War during the 1500s

34. The French Wars of Religion • The French kings attempted to stop the spread of Calvinism through persecution of the Huguenots (French Calvinists). • Despite being only 7% of the population, they were feared by the Catholic Church. • Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre • 3,000 Huguenots were murdered in Paris • Fighting on whether or not the king would be Catholic • Resulted in the Edict of Nantes, which granted the Huguenots rights.

35. Expansion in the 1500s

36. The Means of Expansion • “God, gold, and glory”—the three G’s • Spreading of religion • Through missionaries • Status of power • Search of knowledge • Establish colonies • Mercantilism

37. Technological Advances • Cartography • Martin Behaim’s terrestrial globe • Ships • Axial rudder • Lateen Sail • Portuguese caravel • Cannons & gunpowder • Tools • Cross staff • Astrolabe • Quadrant • Magnetic Compass

38. Famous Explorers • Prince Henry the Navigator—Founded a school for navigators, which would sail the West Coast of Africa. • Motives included trade opportunities and to extend Christianity. • Bartholomew Dias—Used the western winds to round the Cape of Good Hope. • Vasco da Gama—Rounded the cape, crossed the Arabian Sea and reached the port of Calicut on the southwest coast of India. • Amerigo Vespucci—Circumnavigated the globe.

39. FRQ Questions • 1. Compare and Contrast the differences in society and culture brought along by the Italian and Northern Renaissance. • 2. Describe and analyze the ways in which the development of the printing press played in religion, politics, and culture, between 1450 and 1600.    • 3. “I cannot and will not recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. Here I stand, I can do no other, so help me God. Amen”(Martin Luther). Analyze the Catholic Church’s response to Martin Luther's views of a need for immediate change, reflected by the statement.