Vocabulary

1. American History I Unit 1 – Exploration to Colonization R. M. Tolles Vocabulary

2. African Slave Trade – AH1U1 • First used for the sugar trade in the Carribean, primarily in Barbados • Middle Passage – horrible cross Atlantic voyage that slaves had to endure • Part of the Columbian Exchange

3. Charter Companies – AH1U1 • Companies formed for profit by providing charters • Colonial Charters – guaranteed inhabitants all the rights of Englishmen. Which helped solidify colonists ties to Britain during the early years of settlement

4. Incas – AH1U1 • Highly advanced South American civilization that occupied present day Peru until it was conquered by Spanish forces under Francisco Pizarro in 1532. • The Incas developed sophisticated agricultural techniques, such as terrace farming, in order to sustain large complex societies.

5. Christopher Columbus – AH1U1 • Made four trips across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain: in 1492, 1493, 1498 and 1502. • He was determined to find a direct water route west from Europe to Asia, but he never did. • Instead, he accidentally stumbled upon the Americas. Though he did not really “discover” the New World

6. Aztecs – AH1U1 • Native American empire that controlled present day Mexico until 1521, when they were conquered by Spanish Hernan Cortes. • The Aztecs maintained control over their vast empire through a system of trade and tribute. • They came to be known for their advances in mathematics and writing and their use of human sacrifices in religious ceremonies.

7. Conquistadores – AH1U1 • Sixteenth-century Spaniards who fanned out across the Americas, from Colorado to Argentina, eventually conquering the Aztec and Incan empires

8. Maize – AH1U1 • Maize (Corn) Cultivation – Introduced to the Europeans by the Native-American peoples, this agricultural crop was the main staple crop that sustained both societies

9. Cahokia – AH1U1 • Mississippian settlement near present-day St. Louis, home to as many as twenty-five thousand Native Americans.

10. Encomienda – AH1U1 • Encomienda System – During Spanish colonization of the 16th and 17th century. Spain established this plantation-based agriculture system which included forced labor extracted from Native-Americans and later enslaved Africans

11. Fur Trade - AH1U1 • French settling the Hudson Bay area in pursuit of the lucrative fur trade to produce wealth. • Led to an extended presence in the Americas by the French and eventual conflict with the English colonies leading to the French and Indian War • Hudson Bay named after French explorer: Henry Hudson

12. Three Sisters Farming - AH1U1 • Agricultural system employed by North American Indians as early as 1000 ce. Maize, beans, and squash were grown together to maximize yield.

13. Protestant Reformation– AH1U1 • 16th Century • Movement to reform the Catholic Church launched in Germany by Martin Luther. • Reformers questioned the authority of the Pope, sought to eliminate the selling of indulgences and encouraged the translation of the Bible to Latin, which few at the time could read. • The Reformation was launched in England in 1530 when King Henry VIII broke with the roman Catholic Church

14. Joint-stock Company – AH1U1 • Short-term partnership between multiple investors to fund a commercial enterprise; such arrangements were used to fund England’s early colonial ventures.

15. Iroquois Confederacy - AH1U1 • Late 1500s • Bound together five tribes: the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and Senecas – in the Mohawk valley of what is now New York state

16. Jamestown - AH1U1 • 1610 – 1614 • Frist permanent English settlement in North America founded by the Virginia company

17. House of Burgesses - AH1U1 • Representative parliamentary assembly created to govern Virginia, establishing a precedent for government in the English colonies

18. Mercantilism - AH1U1 • A trade system between a mother country (European nation) and her colonies that uses the colonies both as a source of raw materials and as a market for manufactured goods

19. Pueblo Revolt - AH1U1 • The 1680 revolt by Indians of the Southwestern part of the contemporary United States successfully removed Spanish control for twenty years

20. Roanoke – AH1U1 • 1585 • Sir Walter Raleigh’s failed colonial settlement off the coast of North Carolina • CROATOAN

21. Columbian Exchange – AH1U1 • Plants, animals and material goods were transferred between the Western and Eastern Hemispheres because of the discovery of the New World

22. Anne Hutchinson – AH1U1 • 1591-1643 • Antinomian religious dissenter brought to trial for heresy in Massachusetts Bay after arguring that she need not follow either God’s laws of man’s and claiming direct revelation from God. • Banished from the Puritan colony, Hutchinson mover to Rhode Island and later New York, where she and her family were killed by Indians

23. Puritans – AH1U1 • English Protestant reformers who sought to purify the Church of England of Catholic rituals and creeds. • Some of the most devout Puritans believed that only “visible saints” should be admitted to church membership

24. Separatists – AH1U1 • Small group of Puritans who sought to break away from the Church of England after initually settling in Holland a number of English Separatists made their way to Plymouth Bay Massachusetts in 1620

25. William Bradford – AH1U1 • 1590-1657 • Erudite leader of the separatist Pilgrims who left England or Holland and eventually sailed on the Mayflower to establish the first English colony in Massachusetts. • His account of the colony’s founding, Of Plymouth Plantation, remains a classic of American literature and an indispensable historical source.

26. Calvinism – AH1U1 • Dominant theological credo of the New England Puritans based on the teachings of John Calvin. Calvinists believed in predestination – that only “the elect” were destined for salvation.

27. Glorious Revolution – AH1U1 • Sometimes referred to as the “Bloodless” Revolution • Relatively peaceful overthrow of the unpopular Catholic monarch, James II, who was replaced with Dutch-born William III and Mary II, daughter off James II. William and Mary accepted increased parliamentary oversight and new limits on monarchical authority

28. Headright System – AH1U1 • Employed in the tobacco colonies to encourage the importation of indentured servants, the system allowed an individual to acquire fifty acres of land if he paid for a laborer’s passage to the colony,

29. James Oglethorpe – AH1U1 • A British soldier, Member of Parliament, and philanthropist, as well as the founder of the colony of Georgia. • As a social reformer, he hoped to resettle Britain's worthy poor in the New World, initially focusing on those in debtors' prisons

30. Salutary Neglect – AH1U1 • 1688-1763 • Unofficial policy of relaxed royal control over colonial trade and only weak enforcement of Navigation Laws. Lasted from the Glorious Revolution to the end off the French and Indian War in 1763

31. John Smith – AH1U1 • an explorer, from England and leader of Jamestown; he helped to get food and keep peace with the Indians and helped train and keep the colonists alive

32. John Winthrop – AH1U1 • English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in founding the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the second major settlement in New England, following Plymouth Colony.

33. King Philip’s War – AH1U1 • 1689 – 1697 • War fought largely between French trappers, British settlers, and their respective Indian Allies. The Colonial theater of the larger War of the League of Augsburg in Europe • Seen as a precursor for the French and Indian War – by showing growing conflict between settlers and native americans. • Metacom (King Philip)

34. Massachusetts Bay Company – AH1U1 • Founded in 1630 • Established by non-separating Puritans, it soon grew to be the largest and most influential of the New England colonies

35. Mayflower Compact – AH1U1 • 1620 • Agreement to from a majoritarian government in Plymouth, signed aboard the Mayflower. Created a foundation for self-government in the colony

36. Navigation Laws – AH1U1 • Series of laws passed, beginning in 1651, to regulate colonial shipping; the acts provided that only English ships would be allowed to trade in English ships would be allowed to trade in English and colonial ports and that all goods destined for the colonies would first pass through England

37. William Penn – AH1U1 • (1644-1718) • Prominent Quaker activist who founded Pennsylvania as a haven for fellow Quakers in 1681. • He established friendly relations with neighboring Indian tribes and attracted a side array of settlers to his colony with promises of economic opportunity and ethnic and religious toleration