Scarcity and the Factors of Production

Scarcity and the Factors of Production • What is economics? • How do economists define scarcity? • What are the three factors of production?

What Economics Is All About 0 • Scarcity refers to the limited nature of society’s resources. • Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources, including • how people decide how much to work, save, and spend, and what to buy • how firms decide how much to produce, how many workers to hire • how society decides how to divide its resources between national defense, consumer goods, protecting the environment, and other needs

Scarcity occurs when there are limited quantities of resources to meet unlimited needs or desires Shortages occur when producers will not or cannot offer goods or services at current prices Scarcity and Shortages

The Factors of Production • Land All natural resources that are used to produce goods and services. • Labor Any effort a person devotes to a task for which that person is paid. • Capital Any human-made resource that is used to create other goods and services.

Land Popping Corn Vegetable Oil Labor The human effort needed to pop the corn Capital Corn-PoppingDevice The Factors of Popcorn Production

Section 1 Assessment 1. What is the difference between a shortage and scarcity? (a) A shortage can be temporary or long-term, but scarcity always exists. (b) A shortage results from rising prices; a scarcity results from falling prices. (c) A shortage is a lack of all goods and services; a scarcity concerns a single item. (d) There is no real difference between a shortage and a scarcity. 2. Which of the following is an example of using physical capital to save time and money? (a) hiring more workers to do a job (b) building extra space in a factory to simplify production (c) switching from oil to coal to make production cheaper (d) lowering workers’ wages to increase profits Want to connect to the PHSchool.com link for this section? Click Here!

Opportunity Cost • Does every decision you make involve trade-offs? • How can a decision-making grid help you identify the opportunity cost of a decision? • How will thinking at the margin affect decisions you make?

Trade-offs and Opportunity Cost • Trade-offs are all the alternatives that we give up whenever we choose one course of action over others. • The most desirable alternative given up as a result of a decision is known as opportunity cost. All individuals and groups of people make decisions that involve trade-offs.

Karen’s Decision-making Grid Alternatives Sleep late Wake up early to study Benefits Enjoy more sleep Have more energy during the day Better grade on test Teacher and parental approval Personal satisfaction Decision Sleep late Wake up early to study for test Opportunity cost Extra study time Extra sleep time Benefits forgone Better grade on test Teacher and parental approval Personal satisfaction Enjoy more sleep Have more energy during the day The Decision-Making Grid • Economists encourage us to consider the benefits and costs of our decisions.

HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS 0 • Decision making is at the heart of economics. • The first four principles deal with how people make decisions.

HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS 0 Principle #1: People Face Tradeoffs All decisions involve tradeoffs. Examples: • Going to a party the night before your midterm leaves less time for studying. • Having more money to buy stuff requires working longer hours, which leaves less time for leisure. • Protecting the environment requires resources that might otherwise be used to produce consumer goods.

HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS 0 Principle #1: People Face Tradeoffs • Society faces an important tradeoff: efficiency vs. equity • efficiency: getting the most out of scarce resources • equity: distributing prosperity fairly among society’s members • Tradeoff: To increase equity, can redistribute income from the well-off to the poor. But this reduces the incentive to work and produce, and shrinks the size of the economic “pie.”

HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS Principle #2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It • Making decisions requires comparing the costs and benefits of alternative choices. • The opportunity cost of any item is whatever must be given up to obtain it. • It is the relevant cost for decision making.

HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS Principle #2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It Examples:The opportunity cost of… …going to college for a year is not just the tuition, books, and fees, but also the foregone wages. …seeing a movie is not just the price of the ticket, but the value of the time you spend in the theater.

Options 1st hour of extra study time 2nd hour of extra study time 3rd hour of extra study time Benefit Grade of C on test Grade of B on test Grade of B+ on test Opportunity Cost 1 hour of sleep 2 hours ofsleep 3 hours of sleep Thinking at the Margin • When you decide how much more or less to do, you are thinking at the margin.

HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS Principle #3: Rational People Think at the Margin • A person is rational if she systematically and purposefully does the best she can to achieve her objectives. • Many decisions are not “all or nothing,” but involve marginal changes– incremental adjustments to an existing plan. • Evaluating the costs and benefits of marginal changes is an important part of decision making.

HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS Principle #3: Rational People Think at the Margin Examples: • A student considers whether to go to college for an additional year, comparing the fees & foregone wages to the extra income he could earn with an extra year of education. • A firm considers whether to increase output, comparing the cost of the needed labor and materials to the extra revenue.

HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS Principle #4: People Respond to Incentives • incentive: something that induces a person to act, i.e. the prospect of a reward or punishment. • Rational people respond to incentives because they make decisions by comparing costs and benefits. Examples: • In response to higher gas prices, sales of “hybrid” cars (e.g., Toyota Prius) rise. • In response to higher cigarette taxes, teen smoking falls.

Section 2 Assessment 1. Opportunity cost is (a) any alternative we sacrifice when we make a decision. (b) all of the alternatives we sacrifice when we make a decision. (c) the most desirable alternative given up as a result of a decision. (d) the least desirable alternative given up as a result of a decision. 2. Economists use the phrase “guns or butter” to describe the fact that (a) a person can spend extra money either on sports equipment or food. (b) a person must decide whether to manufacture guns or butter. (c) a nation must decide whether to produce more or less military or consumer goods. (d) a government can buy unlimited military and civilian goods if it is rich enough. Want to connect to the PHSchool.com link for this section? Click Here!

Production Possibilities Graphs • What is a production possibilities graph? • How do production possibilities graphs show efficiency, growth, and cost? • Why are production possibilities frontiers curved lines?

Production Possibilities Graph 25 20 15 10 5 Watermelons (millions of tons) Shoes(millions of pairs) 0 15 a (0,15) 8 14 b (8,14) 14 18 20 21 12 9 5 0 Shoes (millions of pairs) c (14,12) d (18,9) e (20,5) A production possibilities frontier f (21,0) 0 5 10 15 20 25 Watermelons (millions of tons) Production Possibilities • A production possibilities graph shows alternative ways that an economy can use its resources. • The production possibilities frontier is the line that shows the maximum possible output for that economy.

Production Possibilities Graph 25 20 15 10 5 S Shoes (millions of pairs) a (0,15) b (8,14) c (14,12) g (5,8) d (18,9) A point of underutilization e (20,5) f (21,0) 0 5 10 15 20 25 Watermelons (millions of tons) Efficiency • Efficiency means using resources in such a way as to maximize the production of goods and services. An economy producing output levels on the production possibilities frontier is operating efficiently.

Production Possibilities Graph 25 20 15 10 5 Future production Possibilities frontier T S a (0,15) Shoes (millions of pairs) b (8,14) c (14,12) d (18,9) e (20,5) f (21,0) 0 5 10 15 20 25 Watermelons (millions of tons) Growth • Growth If more resources become available, or if technology improves, an economy can increase its level of output and grow. When this happens, the entire production possibilities curve “shifts to the right.”

Production Possibilities Graph 25 20 15 10 5 Watermelons (millions of tons) Shoes(millions of pairs) 0 15 8 14 c (14,12) 14 18 20 21 12 9 5 0 Shoes (millions of pairs) d (18,9) 0 5 10 15 20 25 Watermelons (millions of tons) Cost • Cost A production possibilities graph shows the cost of producing more of one item. To move from point c to point d on this graph has a cost of 3 million pairs of shoes.

Section 3 Assessment 1. A production possibilities frontier shows (a) farm goods and factory goods produced by an economy. (b) the maximum possible output of an economy. (c) the minimum possible output of an economy. (d) underutilization of resources. 2. An economy that is using its resources to produce the maximum number of goods and services is described as (a) efficient. (b) underutilized. (c) growing. (d) trading off. Want to connect to the PHSchool.com link for this section? Click Here!

Sooooooo then… Why are all these Billionaires giving away their money?

ACTIVE LEARNING 1: Exercise You are selling your 1996 Mustang. You have already spent $1000 on repairs. At the last minute, the transmission dies. You can pay $600 to have it repaired, or sell the car “as is.” In each of the following scenarios, should you have the transmission repaired? A.Blue book value is $6500 if transmission works, $5700 if it doesn’t B.Blue book value is $6000 if transmission works, $5500 if it doesn’t 30

ACTIVE LEARNING 1: Answers Cost of fixing transmission = $600 A.Blue book value is $6500 if transmission works, $5700 if it doesn’t Benefit of fixing the transmission = $800($6500 – 5700). It’s worthwhile to have the transmission fixed. B.Blue book value is $6000 if transmission works, $5500 if it doesn’t Benefit of fixing the transmission is only $500. Paying $600 to fix transmission is not worthwhile. 31

ACTIVE LEARNING 1: Answers Observations: • The $1000 you previously spent on repairs is irrelevant. What matters is the cost and benefit of the marginal repair (the transmission). • The change in incentives from scenario A to scenario B caused your decision to change. 32

Scarcity and the Factors of Production