Do Now: 1. Find your new seat. 2. Complete the do now on page 4-2 (top section titled “do now”)

1. Do Now:1. Find your new seat.2. Complete the do now on page 4-2 (top section titled “do now”)

3. Nuclear Chemistry

4. History • 1869 French chemist Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered that uranium salts could fog photographic film plates • Marie Curie and Pierre Curie were then able to show that rays emitted by uranium were the reason for the fogging of the plates • Marie named the particles in these rays radioactive.

5. Nuclear Energy • Nuclear reactions release a tremendous amount of energy. • More energy than chemical reactions. • This energy comes from changing the nucleus of an atom.

6. Stable vs. Unstable • The nucleus of an atom changes because it is unstable due to the number of neutrons that are contained in it • Interpreting Graphs • Unstable nuclei spontaneously emit radiation

7. Particles of Nuclear Chemistry • In both fission and fusion reactions, particles are given off as the nuclei change. • Table O gives the name, notation, and symbol of the emission particles.

8. Table O Mass Charge

9. Most Frequent Particles • Alpha • Symbol: • Mass: • Charge: • Penetrating Power: The lowest (stopped by paper) • Ionizing power: The highest The ionizing power measures how many ions are formed in a given area when the radiation passes through it. 

10. Most Frequent Particles • Positron • Symbol: • Mass: • Charge: • Penetrating Power: Medium (Stopped by hands) • Ionizing power: Medium

11. Most Frequent Particles • Beta • Symbol: • Mass: • Charge: • Penetrating Power: Medium (Stopped by hands) • Ionizing power: Medium

12. Most Frequent Particles • Gamma • Symbol: • Mass: • Charge: • Penetrating Power: High (stopped by Lead) • Ionizing power: Lower

13. Find your seat then start the do now

14. Two Types of Nuclear Reactions • Fission Reactions (Radioactive decay): When an unstable nucleus is broken apart, energy is released. • Nuclear Power Plants work because Uranium-235 can be broken down into smaller nuclei. http://gurumia.com/tag/rooppur-nuclear-power-plant/

16. Fusion Reactions • When two nuclei are crunched together to make one nuclei, lots of energy is released. • A Hydrogen Bomb and the Sun work on this type of reaction. http://space.about.com/od/solarsystem/ss/visualtourss.htm

18. Changing of the nucleus • In both fission and fusion reactions, energy is releases as the nuclei change. • The process of fission and fusion both cause an unstable radioisotope to turn into a stable isotope of a different element • For all nuclear reactions mass is converted into energy.

19. Natural Transmutation • Without the presence of an another particle, the number of protons changes in an atom.

20. Artificial Transmutation A change in the number of protons caused by the addition of a particle.

21. Ion Penetrating Power fusion Artificial transmutation Natural transmutation fission Ionizing Power Isotope

25. Nuclear Reaction Equations

26. Writing Nuclear Equations • Reactants – the left side of our equation • Products – the right size of our equation •  - yields; the same as an equal sign in math • We use isotopic notation in all nuclear equations. Ur 235 Mass Number 92 NuclearCharge Same as atomic number!

27. Writing Nuclear Equations When solving a nuclear equation, the top numbers have to equal across the arrow. When solving a nuclear equation, the bottom numbers have to equal across the arrow.

28. Writing Nuclear Equations Once you have both pieces, find the element symbol on the Periodic Table.

29. Writing Nuclear Equations

30. Find the Missing Particle

31. Writing Decay Equations Table N of your Reference Tables has a collection of decay modes for a number of elements.

32. Writing Decay Equations We use the information in table N to write a decay equation from scratch.

33. 1. Find the element that is decaying in table N and find the decay mode

34. 1. Find the element that is decaying in table N and find the decay mode

35. 1. Find the element that is decaying in table N and find the decay mode

36. 1. Find the element that is decaying in table N and find the decay mode

37. 1. Find the element that is decaying in table N and find the decay mode

38. Try some on your own…

39. Average Atomic Mass

40. Writing Isotopic Notation • Practice writing isotopic notation for the following elements: Oxygen with a mass number of 15 Nitrogen with a mass number of 14 Lithium with 3 protons and 3 neutrons Fluorine with 9 protons and 10 neutrons

41. Average Atomic Mass • Look up the mass of chlorine: 35.453 amu • How can we have a mass of 35.453? Half a proton? Half a neutron? • This is the average atomic mass.

42. 11 6 12 6 13 6 14 6 C C C C Average Atomic Mass If there were equal amounts of each element, we could find the average mass of each isotope but... There are not equal amounts /4 = 12.5 amu 11+12+13+14 = 50

43. Average Atomic Mass Each isotope is present in different abundances (percentages) C-12 is 98.93% C-13 is 1.07% The percentages (and the corresponding decimals) are the Relative Abundance

44. Step 1: Convert Percent to decimal (by dividing by 100). C-12 is 98.93% C-13 is 1.07%

45. Step 2: Multiple each abundance by the mass of each isotope C-12 is 98.93% C-13 is 1.07%

46. Step 3: Add together C-12 is 98.93% C-13 is 1.07%

47. Most Abundant Isotope • The most abundant isotope is the isotope that has a mass closest to the average atomic mass. • The higher the percent abundance, the more the overall mass will be close to the mass of that isotope.

48. Now Let’s Practice… • Show all work in finding the average atomic mass. • Also CIRCLE the most abundant isotope.

49. Uses of Radioisotopes

50. More Uses of Nuclear Chemistry • Iodine-131: used in the treatment of thyroid cancer as iodine is absorbed by the thyroid gland