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Topic 1 – Transportation and Geography

Topic 1 – Transportation and Geography. What is Transport Geography? Transportation and Space Historical Evolution of Transportation I Historical Evolution of Transportation II. C – Historical Evolution of Transportation I. 1. Transportation in the Pre-Industrial Era (pre 1800s)

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Topic 1 – Transportation and Geography

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  1. Topic 1 – Transportation and Geography What is Transport Geography? Transportation and Space Historical Evolution of Transportation I Historical Evolution of Transportation II

  2. C – Historical Evolution of Transportation I • 1. Transportation in the Pre-Industrial Era (pre 1800s) • 2. The Industrial Revolution and Transportation (1800-1870) • 3. Emergence of Modern Transportation Systems (1870-1920)

  3. 1. Transportation in the Pre-Industrial Era (pre 1800s) • Limited transport technology • No mechanized forms of transportation. • Harnessing animal labor and wind. • Isolation and limited long distance trade. • Reliance on maritime and fluvial transportation for long distance trade. • High value commodities (e.g. Silk Road). • Transportation and empire building • Roman Empire (road network, 80,000 kilometers, 200 AD). • Chinese Empire (canal system, 2,500 kilometers).

  4. The Silk Road and the Arab Sea Routes EUROPE Turpan Gobi Desert Rome Black Sea Samarkand Caspian Sea Dunhuang Kashgar Bukhara Taklimakan Desert Athens Constantinople Lanzhou Antioch Hamadan Merv Xi’an Hotan Bactra Rey Mediterranean Ocean Tyre PERSIA Baghdad Alexandria CHINA EGYPT Red Sea Barbaricon Muscat Calcutta Guangzhou Pacific Ocean Berenike ARABIA Sur Barygaza INDIA Kané Arabian Sea Muza South China Sea Bay of Bengal Aden Muziris Mogadishu Malacca SOMALIA Indian Ocean Atlantic Ocean Mombasa JAVA 500 Miles

  5. Roman Road Network, 200 AD Atlantic Ocean Black Sea Adriatic Sea Mediterranean Ocean Red Sea 500 km

  6. Grand Canal System Beijing • The Grand Canal • Achievement of Imperial hydrological engineering. • First segments completed around 602 AD (Sui Dynasty). • At its peak during the Ming dynasty (1368-1644 AD). • Totaled about 2,500 kilometers, 1,700 still in use today. • Grain distribution through the empire, notably its capitals. Tonghui Canal (Yuan) Yellow Sea Yongji Canal (Sui and Yuan) Old course of the Yellow River (Song) Jiao-Lai Canal (Yuan) Jizhou Canal (Yuan) Yongji Canal (Sui) Jizhou East China Sea Tongji Canal (Sui) Luoyang Kaifeng Huaiyin Bian Canal (Song) Chuzhou Yangzhou Canal (Song and Yuan) Yangzhou Jiangnan Canal (Sui, Song and Yuan) Suzhou 400 km Hangzhou

  7. 1. Transportation in the Pre-Industrial Era (pre 1800s) • European expansion • Mastery of sailing and artillery. • Eastern trade route: • Discovered by Portugal. • Cape of good hope reached by 1481. • Gama (1497-99) first to reach India. • China reached by 1513. • Western trade route: • Discovered by Columbus (1492). • Failed to reach Asia (America discovered). • Cabot tried (1497), but also failed. • Magellan (1519-22) successful to round the world. • Establishment of colonial empires.

  8. Caravel, 15th Century

  9. Early European Maritime Expeditions Cabot (1497) Colombus (1492-93) 370 leagues Cape Verde Gama (1497-99) Magellan (1519-22) Treaty of Tordesillas Line (1494)

  10. Colonial Trade Pattern, North Atlantic, 18th Century 1) Sugar, Molasses, Slaves 2) Flour, Meat, Lumber Tobacco, Furs, Indigo, Lumber Europe North America Sugar, Molasses, Fruits Manufactures North Atlantic Ocean 1 2 Africa West Indies Slaves, Gold, Pepper Dominant wind South America Trade Route

  11. 2. The Industrial Revolution and Transportation (1800-1870) • Mechanization of transportation • Steam engine (as a water pump). • First steamship on the Delaware river (1790). • Would lead to the development of railways. • Regular maritime routes • Notably over the North Atlantic (Europe – North America). • The era of clipper ships: • Fast cargo ships used for intercontinental trade (Asia, Europe, America). • The emergence of the steamship: • Savannah (first to cross the Atlantic in 1820). • Great Britain (first steel and helix propelled ship, 1844).

  12. Clipper Ship “Flying Cloud”

  13. An Early Steamship, “The Great Britain”, 1845

  14. Liner Transatlantic Crossing Times, 1838 – 1952 (in days)

  15. 2. The Industrial Revolution and Transportation (1800-1870) • Land transport systems • Serious problems of land transportation. • Roads were commonly unpaved and could not be used to effectively carry heavy loads. • Attempts to develop toll road systems (Turnpikes in UK). • Freight shipping canals • Bridgewater Canal, Britain, 1761. • Erie Canal, New York, 1825. • Linking different segments of fluvial systems into a comprehensive waterway system. • Fluvial barges. • Lowered significantly land transport costs. • Permitted initial industrialization.

  16. Turnpikes in Great Britain, Late 18th and Early 19th Century

  17. Mail Coach, Great Britain, 18th Century

  18. Bridgewater Canal, Manchester, 1767

  19. Erie Canal, New York, 1829

  20. 2. The Industrial Revolution and Transportation (1800-1870) • Railway systems • First commercial rail line in 1830 (Manchester-Liverpool; 40 miles). • Access to national resources and markets: • The triumph of inland transportation. • First urban systems. • End of the canal era: • Many canals fell into disrepair. • Unable to compete with the speed and flexibility of rail. • Only the most strategic links were kept. • From a point-to-point to an integrated rail system: • Large companies. • Standard gauge.

  21. Completion of the Transcontinental Railway, 1869

  22. 3. Emergence of Modern Transportation Systems (1870-1920) • Growth of international transportation • Shift from coal to oil in ships: • Reduce their energy consumption by a factor of 90%. • Increase in ship size (no longer limited by wood). • Construction of the Suez and Panama canals. • Dominance of the rail transport system • By the early 20th century, most systems reached their peak. • Overinvestment and over development. • A phase of decline then began.

  23. Rail Track Mileage and Number of Class I Rail Carriers, United States, 1840-2003

  24. Suez Canal 10,000 KM 16,000 KM Geographical Impact of the Suez Canal, 1869 EUROPE EAST ASIA AFRICA Indian Ocean

  25. 8,000 KM Panama Canal 21,000 KM Geographical Impact of the Panama Canal, 1914 NORTH AMERICA Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean SOUTH AMERICA

  26. 3. Emergence of Modern Transportation Systems (1870-1920) • Modern urban transportation • Increase in urban population. • Introduction of tramways (1880; horse drawn, and then electric). • Urban sprawl and the specialization of economic functions. • Underground metro systems in large cities (London, 1863). • Bicycle (1867); cheap mobility for the masses. • Modern telecommunications • Telegraph (1844). • Associated with the growth of railways and international shipping. • Business transactions became more efficient. • Creation of standard times zones (1884). • Every continent was linked by telegraphic lines (1895).

  27. D – Historical Evolution of Transportation II • 1. Transportation in the Fordist Era (1920-1970) • 2. A New Context for Transportation : the Post-Fordist Era (1970-) • 3. Future Transportation

  28. 1. Transportation in the Fordist Era (1920-1970) • Internal combustion engine • Diesel engine (1885). • Extended flexibility of movements. • Fast, inexpensive and ubiquitous transport modes (cars, buses and truck). • Mass production system • Applied by Ford for car manufacturing. • Ford Model T: about 14 million Ford Model T were built (1913-1927). • Increased demand for oil products and other raw materials (steel and rubber).

  29. Assembly Line of the Ford T Model, 1913

  30. Ford T Coupelet, 1915

  31. 1. Transportation in the Fordist Era (1920-1970) • Economies of scale • Mass consumption of resources. • Bulk commodities such as minerals and grain over long distances. • Oil Tankers. • Propelled flight • Wright brothers (1903). • Commercial air transport service between England and France (1919). • Expansion of regional / national air transport services (1920s-1930s). • Douglas DC-3 (1935). • First commercial jet plane (Boeing 707; 1958).

  32. Comparison between a Contemporary and Second World War Tanker Modern VLCC (305 m) 1975 1942 T2 Tanker (153 m)

  33. ULCC, Persian Gulf

  34. Wright Brothers First Airplane, 1903

  35. Douglas DC-3, 1937

  36. Boeing 707, 1960

  37. 1. Transportation in the Fordist Era (1920-1970) • Telecommunications • Mass market media. • Telephone (1878). • Radio (1920). • Television (1950) • Automobile • Massive diffusion (1950s). • Suburbanization and expansion of cities.

  38. 2. A New Context for Transportation : the Post-Fordist Era (1970-) • Telecommunications • Merging with information technologies. • Information highway (Internet). • Growth in processing power of computers: • Moore’s law. • Number of transistors per integrated circuit would double every 18 months. • Satellite communications. • Wireless networks.

  39. Moore’s Law: Transistors per Microprocessor, 1971-2002

  40. Diffusion of Telecommunication Services, 1985-2002 (in millions)

  41. 2. A New Context for Transportation : the Post-Fordist Era (1970-) • Globalization of trade • Fragmentation of the production. • International division of labor. • The principle of “just-in-time”. • Development of logistics. • Containerization • Increased flexibility of freight transport. • First containership, Ideal-X (1956). • Cellular containerships (1967). • Massification of air transport • Boeing 747 (1969).

  42. Cellular Containership, La Havre, France

  43. Boeing 747

  44. 2. A New Context for Transportation : the Post-Fordist Era (1970-) • High-speed train networks • Shinkansen, Japan (1964). • TGV, France (1981). • Globalization of car manufacturing • Three major players, US, Germany and Japan. • New producers (Korea). • 80% of oil consumption attributed to road transportation. • Transport crisis • Innovations in transport modes. • Reduction of energy consumption. • Alternative sources of energy.

  45. Shinkansen, Japan

  46. Automobile Production, United States, Japan and Germany, 1950-2004 (in millions)

  47. 3. Future Transportation • Cyclic character of transport innovations • Innovations lead to a wave of development. • Introduction: • Private entrepreneurs and innovators. • Growth: • Fast adoption. • Often involves a “paradigm shift” event. • Maturity: • Maximal spatial coverage. • Government involvement (investment, regulations, etc.) • Rationalization/obsolescence: • Diminishing returns (Segment or system-wide). • A mix of regulations (protect public interests) and deregulations (increase productivity). • Our current freight transport systems are in a phase of rationalization.

  48. Growth of the US Transport System, 19th – 21st Century 4% Canals Paradigm shift 1825 Peak year 1836 3% Rail 2% Roads Air 1869 1969 1913 Maglev 1825 1836 1891 1946 2001 1% Δt= 55 years Δt= 65 years Δt= 70 years Δt= 30 years 0% 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050

  49. Evolution of the Transport Technology, 1750-2000 Maritime Road Rail Air 2000 Hydrogen car Maglev Container ships Electric car Jumbo Jet TGV Super tankers Jet Plane 1950 Airfoils Highways Jet engine Helicopters Buses Trucks Planes Bulk ships 1900 Tramway Automobile Liners Internal combustion engine Metro Dirigibles Bicycles Iron hulls Balloons Electric motor 1800 Steam engine Docks Omnibus Rails Locks

  50. Development of Operational Speed for Major Transport Modes, 1750-2000 (km per hour) 1000 Jet Plane Road Rail 750 Maritime Air 500 TGV Propeller Plane 250 Automobile 100 Rail Stage Coach 50 Liner Containership Clipper Ship 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

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