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Immigration and Slavery

Learn about the migration of Europeans to the American colonies and the beginning of the African slave trade. Explore the push factors for European migration and the harsh realities faced by African slaves in the Americas.

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Immigration and Slavery

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  1. Immigration and Slavery

  2. Europeans Migrate to the Colonies • By 1700, 250,000 people of European background lived in the colonies. • 90% of them are English. • Over half are indentured servants. • What are those?

  3. Europeans Migrate to the Colonies • Indentured Servants – agreed to work for 4 to 7 years for passage (headright system) • Only basic food, clothing, and shelter. • At the end of their term, they are supposed to receive tools, clothes, and land.

  4. Europeans Migrate to the Colonies • After 1660, the English economy improved, so migration slowed down. • Scottish immigration would soar, however. • Scottish merchants would capture a lot of the tobacco trade – meaning they took it over.

  5. European Migrate to the Colonies • Nearly 250,000 Scotch-Irish came to the colonies in the 1700s. • Many moved west to the “back country” that stretched from Pennsylvania to the Carolinas. • A lot of farmers; would follow a “rebellion”.

  6. Europeans Migrate to the Colonies • The Germans – • Second to only Scotch-Irish in numbers; 100,000 Germans immigrated to British America in the 1700s. • Almost entirely Protestant. • What do you predict the push factors for the influx of Germans was?

  7. Europeans Migrate to the Colonies • 1. They felt pushed by war. • 2. They felt pushed by taxes. • 3. They felt pushed by religious persecution. • In Germany, the princes were fighting amongst each other and demanded religious conformity. • Very little farmland, too.

  8. Europeans Migrate to the Colonies • In 1682, William Penn recruited Germans to settle Pennsylvania. • In PA, wages were high and land and food were cheap. • Farms 6 times bigger than in Germany. • Almost no taxes; didn’t have to become to soldiers.

  9. Europeans Migrate to the Colonies • Diversity! – • Immigration naturally brings change. • Scottish and Germans didn’t trust each other at first, but both realized they could buy and trade with one another.

  10. Africans Are Transported to America • During the 1600s, indentured servants were used to work the fields. • English immigration would decline, but the demand for labor grew. • Colonists began looking for a new source of labor --

  11. Africans Are Transported to America • Slavery Begins – • In the early 1600s, slaves were treated the same as indentured servants. • Freed blacks could own land, vote, and even buy their own slaves. • This changed by the mid 1600s; colonies began passing laws for permanent enslavement.

  12. Africans Are Transported to America • “All servants imported who were not Christians in their native Country shall be accounted and be slaves.” – Virginia General Assembly • Change in legal status promoted racism; Africans now thought to be inferior to whites.

  13. Africans Are Transported to America • The Transatlantic Slave Trade – • Slavery would expand rapidly during the 1700s. • 1.5 million slaves transported to the colonies. • Most to the West Indies, but 250,000 to the 13 colonies.

  14. Africans Are Transported to America • Slaves purchase by traders from merchants and even African kings. • Most slaves were kidnapped or captured during war between African kingdoms. • Triangular Trade; Europe to Africa to America and back to Europe.

  15. Africans Are Transported to America • Part of the Triangular Trade is called the Middle Passage. • This is where slaves go from Africa to American colonies. • Extreme brutality; lasted 2 months or more. • Psychological trauma, branded with hot irons, shackles, suffocation, disease.

  16. Africans in the Americas • Africans, if they made it, faced a rough life in the Americas. • Slave traders purposely broke up families – why? • Rivals – Ashantis, Fulanis, Ibos, and many others formed a new cultural identity as African Americans.

  17. Africans in the Americas • Slavery varied considerably by region. • In 1750, African Americans were a small minority in New England and Middle Colonies. • There, most were farmhands, dockworkers, sailors, house servants.

  18. Africans in the Americas • Most African Americans lived in the southern colonies. • Labor intensive crops like tobacco, rice, and sugar. • 40% of the total population in the Chesapeake region; outnumbered whites in South Carolina.

  19. Africans in the Americas • Most slaves were forced to live in crude huts. • Dirt floors • No windows • Forced to work 12 hour days. • Whipped if they resisted.

  20. Africans in the Americas • Developing a New Culture – • African American culture would be very unique • Blend of African, plantation, farm, and city culture. • Most adopted Christianity

  21. Africans in the Americas • Rebels and Runaways – • 1739 c.e. in Stono, South Carolina • Uprising saw the killing of 100 slaves and 20 whites.

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