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Forest Income and Poverty in Rural China

This study examines the income sources and poverty levels in rural areas of Tianlin County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, focusing on forest-based income. The study analyzes the seasonal variations in income, the composition of forest products, and the impact of government policies on income levels and poverty. The findings suggest that forest income plays a significant role in poverty alleviation and highlight the potential for ecological migration projects involving bamboo.

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Forest Income and Poverty in Rural China

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  1. PEN – ChinaBy Nick Hogarth PEN workshop, Bogor, March 26th, 2009

  2. SLIDE I: CONTEXT Climate: subtropical monsoonal Forest Zone: sub-tropical broadleaf The study area: Combined area for all Natural Villages in my sample = 67km2 # of villages sampled: 12 natural villages 6 administrative villages; 3 townships Altitude: range 345 – 863m Population in surveyed villages: 2860; 62% Zhuang, 26% Han, 12% Yao Sample size: 240 households, ~4.7 people per household Key dimensions

  3. SLIDE II: HOUSEHOLD INCOME SOURCES • Average annual income per person (n = 1128) • * Total (cash & subs) 4’018RMB • i.e. $US545 as of Dec 2007 • * Cash income 2’748RMB (68%) • i.e. $US373 as of Dec 2007 • i.e. $US1.02 per day • * Subs income 1267RMB (32%) • i.e. $US172 as of Dec 2007 2007, Tianlin County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China

  4. How does PEN income (cash) compare?

  5. SLIDE III: INCOME SOURCES & SEASONALITY 2007, Tianlin County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China

  6. ~mid Dec – mid Jan Winter; dry ~mid March – mid April Spring; wet Income share by quarter ~mid June – mid July Summer; very wet ~mid Sept – mid Oct Autumn; dry

  7. Pricing IV: KEY FOREST & ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCTS • Direct Forest income [table B in the Quarterly surveys] • NTFPs

  8. Definitions? Undervalued? Most valuable forest product overall

  9. Other Environmental Income

  10. SLIDE V: Income composition and poverty

  11. SLIDE VI: Other patterns • 0% of households reported using forests particularly to weather misfortune • Forest income used as a stepping stone out of poverty? • A high level of cash income from forest sources (slide II) may indicate potential • ‘Ecological migration’ poverty alleviation project involving bamboo has demonstrated success • Correlation between market distance and forest income (DFI & FDI) •  Very low correlation between DFI & FDI

  12. SLIDE VII: Policies & overall findings Natural Forest Protection Program ↓ in access to natural forest resources (timber); some financial compensation (J2 & J5) Program for the Conversion of Cropland into Forest ↓ in cropland, ↑ in forest land; some financial compensation (J2 & J5) Taxes and bureaucracy heavy fees, taxes, cutting permits, quotas, transport permits, and strict marketing controls discourage investment by individual farmers in forestry  hence the focus on NTFPs ‘Ecological’ Migrant Project ↑ in bamboo shoot production (dfi & fdi) Investment in bamboo processing factories • Projects & policies that have impacted on the patterns observed • Most surprising, exciting, or convincing findings? • Low income from timber & livestock; big difference in income between quintile 1 & 2

  13. THANKS! Relationship of income with smiling high medium income low

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