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The Human Body

Explore the organization of the human body, focusing on the nervous system, neurons, brain functions, and the impact of drugs on the nervous system. Learn about the central nervous system, senses, and drug abuse. Discover how the skeletal, muscular, integumentary, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, excretory, endocrine, and reproductive systems work to maintain health.

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The Human Body

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  1. The Human Body

  2. The Nervous System • Organization of the body. 1. The levels of organization in a multicellular organism includes: cells, tissues, organs and organ systems.

  3. Nervous system- Brain and nerves. • Integumentary system- Skin • Respiratory system- Lungs 5. Digestive system- Stomach

  4. Excretory system- Urinary, kidneys. • Skeletal system- Bones • Muscular system- Muscles 9. Endocrine system- Hormones

  5. Reproductive- Testes and ovaries. 11. Lymphatic- Immune system

  6. The Nervous System 1. The nervous system controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli.

  7. 2. Neurons are the cells that transmit these impulses.

  8. Divisions of the Nervous System 1. The central nervous system (CNS) makes up the brain and the spinal cord.

  9. The Cerebrum is the sight of intelligence. • The Cerebellum controls balance/coordination. 4. Brain stem- Connects the brain and the spinal cord.

  10. The Senses 1. Vision 2. Rods see black and white. 3. Cones see color.

  11. D. Hearing and balance

  12. E. Smell and taste

  13. Drugs and the Nervous System 1. Stimulants- Increase heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate. 2. Depressants- Slow down heart rate, breathing rate, lower blood pressure, relax muscles and relieve tension.

  14. Cocaine- Causes the sudden release in the brain of a neurotransmitter called dopamine. This fools the brain into feeling intense feeling of pleasure and satisfaction. 4. Opiates- Mimic natural chemicals in the brain known as endorphins which usually help to overcome sensations of pain.

  15. Marijuana- More destructive to the lungs than smoking tobacco. 6. Alcohol- Is a depressant that slows down the rate at which the cns functions.

  16. Drug abuse 1. Drug abuse can be defined as the intentional misuse of any drug for nonmedical purposes. 2. Drug addiction- An uncontrollable dependence on a drug.

  17. II. Skeletal, Muscular and Integumentary Systems • The skeleton System 1. The skeleton system supports the body, protects internal organs, provides for movement, stores mineral reserves, and provides a site for blood cell formation. 2. There are 206 bones in an adult human.

  18. The integumentary system is your skin. 1. It serves as a barrier against infection and injury, helps to regulate body temperature, removes waste products from the body, and provides protection against UV radiation from the sun.

  19. III. Circulatory and Respiratory System • Functions of the Circulatory System 1. The human circulatory system consists of the heart, a series of blood vessels, and the blood that flows through them.

  20. Blood with oxygen goes to the left side of the heart. • Blood with NO oxygen goes to the right side of the heart.

  21. Blood vessels 1. Arteries carry blood away from the heart. 2. Veins carry blood to the heart. 3. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels.

  22. Blood composition 1. Red blood cells carry oxygen. 2. White blood cells fight infection. 3. Platelets clot or make scabs.

  23. Respiration 1. Bring about the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood, the air and tissues.

  24. IV. Digestive and Excretory Systems • Food and Energy 1. Carbohydrates give stored energy. 2. Proteins give fast energy. 3. Fats are lipids and are important in a diet.

  25. The process of digestion 1. Digestion starts at the mouth with teeth and salvia. 2. Then to the esophagus and then to the stomach for digestion.

  26. The pancreas is underneath the stomach and helps to release enzymes to help in digestion. • The small and large intestines absorb nutrients and vitamins. • The liver cleans the blood and also makes bile.

  27. Bile is stored in the gall bladder. 7. Bile breaks down fat.

  28. The Excretory system 1. The kidneys play an important in eliminating liquid waste.

  29. V. Endocrine and Reproductive Systems • Endocrine systems are responsible for hormones. 1. Hormones are responsible for almost everything in your body!

  30. B. Male reproductive system 1. The main function of the male reproductive system is to produce sperm and to deliver sperm. 2. The primary male reproductive organs, the testes develop within the abdominal cavity.

  31. 3. Just before birth the testes will descend (come down) into the scrotum. 4. The testes need to be outside of the body because sperm require temperatures 1-3 degrees COOLER than body temperature.

  32. 5. Within the testis are the seminiferous tubules. 6. They are coiled together and this is where sperm are produced. 7. Sperm produced in the seminiferous tubules are moved into the epididymis.

  33. 8. This is a structure in which sperm fully mature and are stored. 9. From the epididymis some sperm are moved into a tube called the vas deferens. 10. The vas deferens extends upward from the scrotum into the abdominal cavity.

  34. 11. Eventually the vas deferens merge with the urethra, the tube that leads out of the body through the penis. 12. Glands lining the reproductive tract include the seminal vesicle, the prostate, and the bulbourethral gland produce seminal fluid-semen. 13. The semen nourishes the sperm and protects them from the acidity of the female body.

  35. 14. Sperm have three main body parts, the head, mid piece and the tail (flagella) 15. The head contains the 23 haploid chromosomes. 16. The mid piece is filled with mitochondria. 17. The flagellum is used for movement.

  36. The Female Reproductive system 1.The main function of the female reproduction system is to produce ova. 2. The female reproductive system prepares the female’s body to nourish a developing embryo.

  37. 3. The egg moves down to the uterus. 4. If fertilization occurs it will implant in the uterus. 5. If fertilization does not occur it will be expelled out the women’s body.

  38. D. The menstrual cycle 1. During the menstrual cycle, an egg is released from the ovary. 2. The menstrual cycle has four phases: follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase and menstruation.

  39. E. Sexually transmitted Diseases 1. STD’s are spread by sexual contact 2. Pathogens present in body fluids, such as semen can be passed from one person to another through sexual contact. 3. Diseases spread by sexual contact are called STD’s but viruses and bacteria can cause STD’s.

  40. F. Bacterial STD’s 1. STD’s caused by bacteria are called bacterial STD’s. 2. Most bacterial STD’s can be treated and cured by antibiotics. 3. Early detection and treatment are necessary to prevent serious medical problems.

  41. 4. Examples: Gonorrhea, Chlamydia , syphilis, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

  42. Gonorrhea

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