Balancing Inter-sectoral Conflicts in Freshwater and Coastal Zone Management

1. Fish Out of Water? Inter-sectoral Conflicts, Trade-offs and Synergies in Freshwater Resource and Coastal Zone Management

2. Competition and Interactions • Fisheries and aquaculture compete for space and resources in the most contested and fastest-developing geographical areas on earth – coastal zones and river basins • Coastal zones and river basins provide globally significant environmental goods and services • While many of the interactions within the fisheries sector and between the sector and other activities are of a competitive or antagonistic nature, a number of complementary or synergistic interactions may also exist

3. Freshwater Resources Inland fish production will continue to face increasing competition for water from other uses Integration is required in order to facilitate sustainable inland fish production Use allocation will require close liaison between user groups, transparency in the decision-making process, cross-sector education An important focus is the evaluation and management of trade-offs associated with infrastructure development 12/20/2019 3

4. Freshwater Resources Inland fisheries are greatly undervalued in water management decisions Better valuation methods that pay more attention to non-formal values, particularly those concerning livelihoods, biodiversity and food security are urgently needed The ecosystem approach, with its focus on maintaining ecosystem functioning, is fundamental to managing water for inland fisheries and aquaculture 12/20/2019 4

5. Freshwater Resources Hydrological approaches to water management tend to focus on in-stream quantitative flows and often ignore the important impacts on quality and extent of adjacent floodplains and their associated wetlands Fisheries and aquaculture can play an important role in effective water management across the continuum from rain fed to irrigated agriculture, and increase the resilience of poor communities 12/20/2019 5

6. Coastal Resources The livelihood of residents in coastal areas is usually directly linked to coastal resource use The environments of coastal zones are influenced not only by human activity along the coastline and in adjoining seas, but also by activities inland and in associated watersheds These issues are often complex and cross sectoral boundaries They are difficult to resolve in a single-sector management regime. 12/20/2019 6

7. Coastal Resources Fisheries and aquaculture must be conceived as part of wider local, regional and national (scale) economic development and resource management strategies (nested) The entire process is closely linked to the institutional and organizational context in which the fisheries and aquaculture sector operates A major challenge is to modify the existing context in order to achieve preferred patterns of coastal resource use. 12/20/2019 7

8. Coastal Resources Marine protected areas (MPAs) can be considered components of ICM programs because they protect the biodiversity and ecological processes MPAs have come to be advocated as the solution for all fisheries and ecosystem management problems MPA management must be coordinated and integrated with coastal and fisheries management activities outside the boundaries and linked to development programs that address the needs of local people 12/20/2019 8

9. Governance, Decisions and Trade-Offs Improved governance processes are needed that facilitate compromise by stakeholders and favor integrated resource management New institutional arrangements are needed to link decisions on upstream uses and resource management to those for managing downstream uses (integrated aquatic resource management) Decentralization reforms to local levels Clearly defined goals and responsibilities to address issues at different scales 12/20/2019 9

10. Principles for Investment Support institutional and governance reforms that link decision-making across sectors and across multiple scales of intervention Integrate an ecosystem-based approach into infrastructure planning Adopt multi-criteria analysis for water allocation and use environmental flow assessment as a way to quantify the environmental criteria 12/20/2019 10

11. Principles for Investment Strengthen watershed and coastal zone management bodies with strong civil society representation Invest in local capacity to assess and weigh the livelihood implications of alternative resource management scenarios 12/20/2019 11

12. Implementing the Principles Investing in integrated aquatic resource management: • Xiamen, China • Batangas Bay, Philippines • Tanzania 12/20/2019 12

13. Implementing the Principles Xiamen, China 12/20/2019 13

14. Implementing the Principles Xiamen, China • As a consequence of industrialization and urbanization; increased population growth; uses of coastal and marine resources diversified and intensified resulting in severe space competition, resource-use conflicts, and pollution. • weak institutional capability • lack of integrated planning and coordination • inadequate legislation for effective resolution of multiple resource-use conflicts • poor law enforcement • weak marine environmental consciousness 12/20/2019 14

15. Implementing the Principles Xiamen, China • Lead: Xiamen Municipal Government with PEMSEA (GEF, UNDP) 1994-2008 • Investment: demonstrate the application of integrated coastal management (ICM) for effective prevention, control and mitigation of marine pollution • Executive Committee involving over 20 government agencies • Institutional mechanism for interagency consultation, coordination and review • A shared vision and commitment for change 12/20/2019 15

16. Implementing the Principles Xiamen, China • Strategic environmental management plans • Marine Management and Coordination Committee • Integrated law enforcement legislation • Sea-use zoning • Citizen participation and awareness building • Marine Pollution Monitoring Program 12/20/2019 16

17. Implementing the Principles Tanzania • Tanzania Coastal Management Partnership • National Environmental Management Council and URI-CRC (USAID) 1997-ongoing • Investment: improve the well being of coastal residents and their environment through the implementation and strengthening of the Tanzania National Coastal Strategy 2002 12/20/2019 17

18. Implementing the Principles Tanzania • Decentralization to districts for implementation • District ICM action plan integrated with collaborative fisheries management plan • Human and institutional capacity development • Mariculture and tourism guidelines • Broad participation of stakeholder • Establishment of MPAs 12/20/2019 18

19. Implementing the Principles Batangas Bay, Philippines 12/20/2019 19

20. Implementing the Principles Batangas Bay, Philippines • Industrial center and shipping hub • Inadequate and fragmented environmental and natural resource-use policies, plans and programs • Lack of legal and institutional mechanisms for integrated management • Limited knowledge and capability of local stakeholders on integrated environmental management 12/20/2019 20

21. Implementing the Principles Batangas Bay, Philippines • PEMSEA (GEF, UNDP) 1994-2004 • Investment: demonstrate the application of integrated coastal management (ICM) for environmental protection • Batangas Integrated Environmental Protection Council • Private-public partnership • Strategic management plan 12/20/2019 21

22. Implementing the Principles Batangas Bay, Philippines • Sustainable cost sharing mechanism with private sector • Sea use zoning • Public awareness and participation • Improvements in environmental quality and institutional coordination for management 12/20/2019 22

23. Scaling up Investment opportunities in integrated aquatic resources management: • Build interagency, intersectoral, and intergovernmental partnerships for sustainable development • Balance conservation and economic development • Strengthen technical and institutional capacities • Improved water and coastal resource allocation • Fuller participation of stakeholders 12/20/2019 23