Explaining a Soil Profile

1. Explaining a Soil Profile

2. Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards Addressed! • CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RST.9-10.4 - Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 9–10 texts and topics. • CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RST.9-10.5 - Analyze the structure of the relationships among concepts in a text, including relationships among key terms (e.g., force, friction, reaction force, energy). • CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RST.9-10.6 - Analyze the author’s purpose in providing an explanation, describing a procedure, or discussing an experiment in a text, defining the question the author seeks to address. • CCSS.Math.Content.HSN-Q.A.2 - Define appropriate quantities for the purpose of descriptive modeling.

3. Agriculture, Food and Natural Resource Standards Addressed! • PS.01.03. Develop and implement a fertilization plan for specific plants or crops. • Sample Measurement: The following sample measurement strands are provided to guide the development of measurable activities (at different levels of proficiency) to assess students’ attainment of knowledge and skills, related to the above performance indicator. The topics represented by each strand are not all-encompassing. • PS.01.03.03.a. Collect soil and plant tissue samples using generally accepted procedures and explain how incorrect sample collection will affect the results of a laboratory analysis.

4. Bell Work • What is a soil profile? • How can soil change over time? • How can you distinguish between the major horizons of the soil profile?

5. Interest Approach • What is meant by a human profile? • If you were to view a profile of another person,what type of view would you see? • What they would you expect to see in a soil profile? • Would the entire section look the same? • How might various sections appear to be different? • Would you find certain living organisms in some sections of the profile but not in other sections?

6. Learning Objectives • Explain the soil profile. • Explain how soils within the profile change over time. • Distinguish between the major horizons of a soil profile.

7. Additions Eluviation Illuviation Losses Soil profile Solum Subsoil Substratum Topsoil Transformations Translocations Important Terms

8. What is a soil profile? • A soil profile is a vertical cross-section of the soil. • When exposed, various layers of soil should be apparent.

9. What is a soil profile? • Each layer of soil may be different from the rest in a physical or chemical way. • The differences are developed from the interaction of such soil-forming factors as: • Parent material • Slope • Weathering (time) • Climate • Native vegetation

10. What is a soil profile? • A soil profile is usually studied to a depth of 3 to 5 feet.

12. How do soils within a soil profile change over time? • Soils change over time in response to their environment.

13. How do soils within a soil profile change over time? • The causes of these changes can be classified into 4 processes: 1.Additions. Materials such as fallen leaves, wind-blown dust, or chemicals from air pollution that may be added to the soil.

14. How do soils within a soil profile change over time? 2. Losses. Materials may be lost from the soil as a result of deep leaching or erosion from the surface. 3. Translocations. Materials may be moved within the soil. • This can occur with deeper leaching into the soil or upward movement caused by evaporating water.

15. How do soils within a soil profile change over time? 4. Transformations. Materials may be altered in the soil. • Examples include organic matter decay, weathering of minerals to smaller particles, or chemical reactions.

16. How do soils within a soil profile change over time? • Each of these processes occurs differently at various depths. • As a soil ages, horizontal layers develop and changes result.

17. What are the major horizons of a soil profile and how do they differ? • There are 5 primary soil horizons called master horizons. • O Horizon • A Horizon • B Horizon • C Horizon • R Horizon

18. What are the major horizons of a soil profile and how do they differ? • O Horizon. • This is an organic layer made up of partially decayed plant and animal debris. • It generally occurs in undisturbed soil such as in a forest.

19. What are the major horizons of a soil profile and how do they differ? • A Horizon. This is often referred to as topsoil and is the surface layer where organic matter accumulates. • Over time, this layer loses clay, iron, and other materials due to leaching. • This is called eluviation. • The A horizon provides the best environment for the growth of plant roots, microorganisms, and other life.

20. What are the major horizons of a soil profile and how do they differ? • E Horizon. This is the zone of greatest eluviation. • Because the clay, chemicals, and organic matter are very leached, the color of the E horizon is very light. • It usually occurs in sandy forest soils with high amounts of rainfall.

21. What are the major horizons of a soil profile and how do they differ? • B Horizon. This horizon is referred to as the subsoil. • It is often called the “zone of accumulation” since chemicals leached from the A and E horizons accumulate here.

22. B Horizon • This accumulation is called illuviation. The B horizon will have less organic matter and more clay than the A horizon. • Together, the A, E, and B horizons are known as the solum. • This is where most of the plant roots grow.

23. What are the major horizons of a soil profile and how do they differ? • C horizon. This horizon is referred to as the substratum. • It lacks the properties of the A and B horizons since it is influenced less by the soil forming processes. • It is usually the parent material of the soil.

24. What are the major horizons of a soil profile and how do they differ? • R Horizon. • This is the underlying bedrock, such as limestone, sandstone, or granite. • It is found beneath the C horizon.

25. Soil Profile Horizons • O Horizon organic layer of leaves, roots,and decaying material • A Horizon Topsoil • B Horizon Subsoil • C Horizon Substratum • R Horizon Bedrock or solid rock below the C Horizon

27. Review / Summary • Explain the soil profile. • Explain how soils within the profile change over time. • Distinguish between the major horizons of a soil profile.

28. The End!