REFORM of EARLY 19 th Century

1. REFORM of EARLY 19th Century Increasing Democracy in America

2. Reform • Define Reform • How does societal reform start? • Is reform different than revolution? How so? • Name 2 societal concerns/institutions YOU personally would want to reform in today’s world. Explain what you would change/how you would change it.

3. Reform is Historical • Puritan/Evangelical: “sense of mission” • Enlightenment: belief in human reasoning and goodness • Jacksonian Democracy: more participation • Changing Society: gender roles, social classes, ethnicity

4. America: Early 19th Century • Well established • Independent, growing nation, DEMOCRACY • What were the interests of Americans? • Religion -Personal Freedoms • Education -Women’s Rights • Transcendentalism -Worker’s Rights • Abolition -Health Reform

5. Religion and Reform 2nd Great Awakening, Transcendentalism

6. Religion Sparks Reform • The Second Great Awakening (1790-1830s) • Counterattack on revolutionary thinking • Americans movement to re-admit God into their daily lives; personal salvation through faith • Worked against the “evils of society” • Protestant

7. Charles G. Finney • Most famous preacher of the era; “Father of Revivalism” • High drama sermons • Spread the word about personal salvation: evangelical • Elicited strong emotion and attract converts

8. Second Great Awakening • Protestant Movement-evangelical Christians up membership 200x • Preparation for 2nd coming of Christ • US was leading the world into the next millennium; “millennialism” • Tent Revivals spread across states: long sermons of rapport (emotion, sin, evils) • South and West: Baptists and Methodists • Circuit Riders: preachers who sought out people in remote locations • READ: GA Camp Revival

9. African American Church • Strong democratic backing of the church; same god, black or white • Worshiped in the same church (segregated) • South: Interpreted as a message of freedom • East: Black churches • Richard Allen, AMEC • Political organizations later on, inner support

10. Tension: Church and State • “Anyone can be saved, anyone can participate in democracy” • Contradictions? • Some Americans wanted the gov’t to encourage public morality • How? Is this legal? • Sabbatarian Reform Movement • READ Church v State

11. New Groups • 2 New Groups • Joseph Smith • Latter Day Saints aka Mormons • Unitarians • Trinity v One Being • Literal interpretation • Reason, different paths, gradual conversion

12. Religion Sparks Discrimination • By mid 1850s, half of US is Protestant • Mormons: isolated communities • disliked for certain practices (polygamy) • Economically powerful, politically strong • Chased out of Ohio, then Missouri • Joseph Smith murdered • Catholics and Jews: • Incompatible with democratic ideals; loyal to Pope • Discriminated against due to poverty • Jews barred from holding office; ostracized

13. Religion Sparks Secular Reform • Societal divisions arise • New virtues established: hard work, temperance, and frugality • New stance on democracy: fix the injustices of society

14. Transcendentalism Revitalization of European Renaissance

15. Thinking Questions • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eKFTSSKCzWA • How are you affected by nature? Do you find comfort in it? Do you reflect the moods of nature? • What is the role of nature in your life?  • What is meant by an individual's spiritual side? How to you define it? 

16. Thinking Questions • Is there a connection between the individual's spirit and nature? If so, what is that connection?  • What does it mean to know something intuitively? For example, has a parent or a sibling ever known something was wrong with you without having talked with or seen you? What do we mean when we say "I just know it"?  • How do you demonstrate that you are an individual? Do you think independently of others or do you follow the crowd?

17. Transcendentalism A philosophical and literary movement that emphasized living a simple life, finding truth in nature, personal emotion, and imagination

18. Transcendentalism • Ralph Waldo Emerson • Started movement • Henry David Thoreau • Walden; self reliance • Civil Disobedience: peacefully refuse to obey laws (READ)

19. Trans: Ideal Communities • Utopia: perfect place • Subjective • Experimental Utopias: 50+ • New Harmony, IN • Robert Owen • 2 years • Brook Farm, MA • George Ripley • 6 years

20. One Group Succeeds • Shakers • Set up in 1700s, peaks in 1840s • NH, NY, OH, IL • Second coming • Men and women lived in separate houses, no children; took in orphans • Flourishing economy

21. Create Your Own Utopia! • Work in groups of 3 or by yourself • FOLLOW ALL GUIDELINES PROVIDED • You will have some class time to work on this assignment! • Due Date: Tuesday, May 3rd

22. Public Reform Education and Prison Reform

23. Religion Impacts Reform • How might religion play a role in social reform? • Organized, religious ideals, politics • Preached “followers had a sacred responsibility to improve life on earth through reform, especially the disadvantaged” • Not all stemmed from religion, but suffering too

24. Education • Colonial times: valued education • Homeschooled • American Spelling Book-Webster • Represented Americas “honesty and directness” • Ideal of Founding Father-but how?

25. Education • No public school system before mid 1800s • MA/VT only schools to require school attendance before Civil War • “Common School Movements” to combat inadequate education • Tax supported • Optional • PA 1834

26. Thoughts Behind Education • “Expanding education= expanding democracy”-HOW? • Would promote economic growth by supplying knowledgeable workers

27. Horace Mann • Horace Mann: humble beginnings • MA Senator: championed for the creation of a state board of education • Chaired the first board in 1837 • State oversight of local schools, calendars, and funding

28. Education Reform “Universal public education is the best way to turn the nation's unruly children into disciplined, judicious, republican citizens”-Horace Mann • Established public schools nationwide, training for teachers established

29. Impact of Mann • State legislatures set aside funds for free public schools • Resistance • reluctant taxpayers (often the wealthy) • Religious based teaching • Loss of culture • Women teachers

30. Impact on Women • Women in the school system: • Petitioned legislatures to support education • Became teachers • Set up schools to further education for women

31. YOU be the REFORMER We all seem to think we know about what’s wrong with education… • Look at the list of problems: choose 3 major problems in Education (nationally, locally) • Pick one to be your main focus • Describe the negative issues you see with this main problem • Come up with 1-3 practical solutions to the problems you discuss.

32. Top 10 Problems Today • Funding: state v. federal gov’t • High Stakes Testing • “Good” Teachers • Class Size/Schedule • Bussing 6. Equal Opportunity 7. Technology 8. Politics: Rep v. Dem., NCLB 9. Common Core Standards 10. Poverty/Parental Assistance

33. REVIEW • What movement sparked the other reform movements? Why? • Name 1 leader of each of the following movements and what they did: • 2nd Great Awakening • Transcendentalism • Education • What is the driving force behind these reform movements? Why care?

34. Prison Reform • Mixed the mentally ill with violent offender • “While society in the US gives the example of the most extended liberty, the prison offers the spectacle of the most complete despotism” • Alexis de Tocquville

35. Prison Reform Prisoners were “confined in this Commonwealth in cages, closets, cellars, stalls, pens! Chained, beaten with rods, lashed into obedience."

36. Dorothea Dix • 1841: Began teaching Sunday School in the MA prison • Spend two years vising every prison, homeless shelter, and hospital • Campaigned across the nation for “Institutionalization”

37. Dix to MA Legislature “I tell what I have seen-painful and shocking as the details often are-that from them you may feel more deeply the imperative obligation which lies upon you to prevent the possibility of a repetition or continuance of such outrages upon humanity…I come as the advocate of the helpless, forgotten, and insane…Men of Massachusetts…raise up the fallen, succor the desolate, restore the outcast, defend the helpless.”

38. Stemmed Impact • 1841: Dr. Galt starts first publicly supported psychiatric hospital • Outpatient care • Juvenile Detention Centers • Positive Prison Rehabilitation: libraries, basic literacy, reduction of beatings

39. Purpose of a Prison? Read: Dorothea Dix • Punishment or Pertinence? • Pennsylvania System • Prisoners urged to repent for crimes • Lived in complete solitary confinement, working alone in cells • Auburn System • Prisoners worked with one another in strict silence • Individual cells; multiple suicides/mental breaks

40. Institutionalize or Deinstitutionalize? De- institutionalization • mid 1970s • Reduce human rights violations • Civil Liberties • Lessen stigma • Save money • DO YOU AGREE WITH THIS IDEA?

41. NY Times Comments THE largest mental health center in America is a huge compound here in Chicago with thousands of people suffering from manias, psychoses and other disorders, all surrounded by high fences and barbed wire. Just one thing: It’s a jail. The only way to get treatment is to be arrested. Psychiatric disorders are the only kind of sickness that we as a society regularly respond to not with sympathy but with handcuffs and incarceration. And as more humane and cost-effective ways of treating mental illness have been cut back, we increasingly resort to the law-enforcement toolbox: jails and prisons.

42. Mental Health “Recent History” Reports “To meet the criteria for major depression, inmates had to report a depressed mood or decreased interest or pleasure in activities, along with 4 additional symptoms of depression. In order to meet the criteria for mania, during the 12-month period inmates had to report 3 symptoms or a persistent angry mood. For a psychotic disorder, 1 symptom of delusions or hallucinations met the criteria.” -Dept. of Justice, 2006

43. Mental Health/Prisons Today: Have We Made Progress? Creigh Deeds https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tCfL9fW4bEg Rikers Island http://www.cbsnews.com/videos/rikers-island/ Mental Health and Insurance Agencies http://www.cbsnews.com/videos/denied/

44. Women Women’s Rights, Health Reform and Temperance

45. Review • List the 4 Reform Movements discussed so far. • Name a Reformer for each Movement. • Discuss the result/change that came from each movement.

46. Problems at Home • “Rapid industrialization caused unsettling change” • Crime • Sickness • Neglected families/children • Too much change= panic and stress… • Panic and stress=alcohol abuse • 5 gallons/yr per person, 1820

47. Temperance Movement • Temperance: drinking alcohol in moderation • Need for controlling alcohol abuse • Pushed for by women(abused) • Men spending income on it • Child abuse/no father • Poster and pamphlets circulated • Churches, Women’s groups • American Temperance Society • Moral; urged follower to take a pledge of abstinence • Washington Temperance society • Started by recovering alcoholics; argued alcoholism was a disease that needed treatment

49. Temperance Movement Gets Results Moral Conviction turns to Political Action: • Neal Dow • Lectured on alcohol abuse around the nation • Mayor of Portland, ME in 1851 • “Maine Law”: restricted the sale of alcohol • States follow; overshadowed by anti-slavery movement • 1870s-1919: Prohibition

50. “Temperance Movement” Today? • Morality Turned Political: Do you think there are lingering temperance-like movements today? • War on Drugs • AA Societies • Civil Rights • Food Bans (GMOs) • Gay Marriage/Abortion