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Genetic Engineering: Impacts and Ethics

Explore the process of gene insertion into bacterial plasmids, transforming plants, and global GM crop cultivation. Understand gene sequencing methods, transgenic plant generation, and ethical considerations of altering organisms' DNA.

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Genetic Engineering: Impacts and Ethics

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  1. Exam 2 M 10/29 at 7-8:30pm in UTC 2.102A

  2. RT and/or PCR Inserting a gene into a bacterial plasmid

  3. Bacteria can be used to transform plants Global area planted with GM crops Texas =70 ha Millions of Hectares http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/agri_biotechnology/gmo_planting/257.global_gm_planting_2006.html

  4. Agrobacterium infect plants, inserting their plasmid DNA into the plants genome.

  5. Agrobacterium infect plants, inserting their plasmid DNA into the plants genome. Fig 20.24

  6. By replacing the gall forming genes with other DNA when the Agrobacterium infect a plant, it will insert that DNA into the plant. Fig 20.25

  7. The generation of a transgenic plant Grown on herbicide Fig 20.26

  8. How do you know whether the gene you want to express has the correct sequence?

  9. How do you know whether the gene you want to express has the correct sequence? DNA sequencing

  10. The structure of 2’,3’-dideoxynucleotides Fig 20.15

  11. The dideoxy sequencing method Fig20.16

  12. The dideoxy sequencing method Fig20.16

  13. Gel produced by the dideoxy sequencing method Fig20.16

  14. Computerized sequencers use a similar method Fig20.17

  15. Figure 20-28 • Creation of Caenorhabditis elegans transgenes

  16. Figure 20-30 • Creation of Mus musculus transgenes Fig 20.30

  17. Creation of Drosophila melanogaster transgenes using a transposon Fig 20.29

  18. …now enjoy making Frakencritters.

  19. Is Changing an Organism’s DNA a Good or Bad Idea? • Genes flow within species and between species. • Are GM foods safe for the environment? • Are GM foods profitable for: • Consumers, Farmers, and Companies?

  20. Types of Genetically Modified Crops Herbicide Tolerance; Insect Resistance; Viral Resistance

  21. Patents give 17 year monopoly for inventor

  22. Examples of current patents: • Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic goats (in milk) has anti-clotting properties

  23. Examples of current patents: • Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic goats (in milk) has anti-clotting properties • Evolutec has patents on proteins in tick saliva for use as anti-inflammatory

  24. Examples of current patents: • Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic goats (in milk) has anti-clotting properties • Evolutec has patents on proteins in tick saliva for use as anti-inflammator • GTG in Australia has patents on non-coding human DNA for detecting risk of various diseases

  25. Examples of current patents: • Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic goats (in milk) has anti-clotting properties • Evolutec has patents on proteins in tick saliva for use as anti-inflammatory • GTG in Australia has patents on non-coding human DNA for detecting risk af various diseases • Harvard patented cancer susceptible mouse

  26. Examples of current patents: • Harvard patented cancer susceptible mouse • Rejected by Canadian Supreme court in 2002

  27. The Canadian Patent Act defines "invention" as "any new and useful art, process, machine, manufacture or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement in any art, process, machine, manufacture or composition of matter".

  28. The Canadian Patent Act defines "invention" as "any new and useful art, process, machine, manufacture or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement in any art, process, machine, manufacture or composition of matter". Canadian court ruled that microorganisms, GM plants, modified DNA and cells could be patented, but not whole animal.

  29. Examples of current patents: • Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic goats (in milk) has anti-clotting properties • Evolutec has patents on proteins in tick saliva for use as anti-inflammatory • GTG in Australia has patents on non-coding human DNA for detecting risk af various diseases • Harvard patented cancer susceptible mouse • Over 70 U.S. patents for use of Indian neem tree

  30. Neem, say the women, helps babies sleep, keeps flies away, is a cosmetic, a disinfectant and a pesticide. Its leaves make good cattle fodder, its twigs are good for teeth and gums. It is used, they say, for snake bites, malaria, hysteria, high blood pressure, pain relief, skin diseases and a host of other ailments. Over 70 U.S. patents for use of Indian neem tree

  31. Neem, say the women, helps babies sleep, keeps flies away, is a cosmetic, a disinfectant and a pesticide. Its leaves make good cattle fodder, its twigs are good for teeth and gums. It is used, they say, for snake bites, malaria, hysteria, high blood pressure, pain relief, skin diseases and a host of other ailments. Over 70 U.S. patents for use of Indian neem tree One was rejected due to previous use in indigenous Indian culture

  32. Concerns of developing nations vs. industrialized countries Bioprospecting

  33. These three scientists made important decisions about their research that changed our world… Albert Einstein Edward Teller Robert Oppenheimer

  34. What responsibility do scientists have for our creations?

  35. Exam 2 M 10/29 at 7-8:30pm in UTC 2.102A

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