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Deepening and Widening of the EU: Important Concepts and Evolution

Explore the evolution of the European Union through deepening and widening. Learn about the development of competences, policies, and institutional structure through treaty amendments. Gain insights into the key treaties and their impact.

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Deepening and Widening of the EU: Important Concepts and Evolution

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  1. EU-LAW Week 3 TheEVOlution of the EU

  2. İmportantConcepts Deepening: developingandstrengtheningtheEU’scompetencesandpolicies as well as theinstitutionalstructure (throughtnewtreaties) Widening: İncreasingtheEU’smembershipthroughtheprocess of enlargement i.e. Acceptingtheentry of newmemberstates

  3. 1. DEVELOPMENT (DEEPENİNG) • AİM: Change in thepowersandcompetencies of theEuropeanİntegrationfrommerelyaimimgtoestablish a common market to a EuropeanUniontoestablish an economicandpoliticalunionamongstitsmemberstates • ThroughTreatyamendments: • 1965: MergerTreaty • 1966: TheLuxembourgAccords • 1986: SingleEuropeanAct • 1992: MaastrichtTreaty • 1997: Treaty of Amsterdam • 2000: Treaty of Nice • 2009: Treaty of Lisbon • 2011: FiscalCompactTreaty

  4. A. TheMergerTreaty • Signed in Brussels on 8 april 1965 • Cameintoforce on 1 July 1967 • FirstamendementtotheTreaties of Paris & Rome • AİM:Tomergethemostimportantinstitutions of allthreecommunitiesbycreatingonesingle • TheCouncil • TheCommission (formerHighAuthority) (other 2 institutions COURT and PARLİAMENT alreadyservedall 3)

  5. B. TheLuxebourgAccords • 1965: FrancerefusedtoattendCouncilmeetngs • Disagreementovertheuse of majorityvotingwhentakingdecisions • 1966: agreement on unanimousvotingwhere ‘veryimportantmatterswere at stake’ • No legal status! BUT in realityright of veto in somematters

  6. C.TheSingleEuropeanAct (1) • Signed in Luxembourg in February 1986 • Cameintoforce in July 1987 • Thefirstmajorrevision of theTreaty of Rome • AİM: tocompletethesingle market by 31 December 1992 • Creating “an areawithoutinternalfrontiers in whichthefreemovement of goods, persons, servicesandcapital is ensured” withmoreeffectiveinstitutionsanddecision-makingprocedures • İntroducingthe “cooperationprocedure”: enhancingthe role of theEuropeanParliament in thelegislativeprocess

  7. C.TheSingleEuropeanAct (2) • TheEuropeanParliamentwasalsogiventheright of veto • overtheaccession of newMemberStates, and • Overtheconclusion of agreementswithassociatestatesthroughthe “assentprocedure” • Giving a legal basisto “EuropeanPoliticalCooperaiton” : bettercooperationandcoordination of thememberstates on theforeignpolicyandsecurityarea • Establishing a Court of Firstİnstance: tosharetheworkload of theEuropeanCourt of Justice • The “EuropeanCouncil”: theformalisedversion of theMeetings of theHeads of StateandGovernment

  8. C.TheSingleEuropeanAct (3) • İncludingthe “ComitologyProcedure”: procedureunderwhichtheCouncildelegatespowerstotheCommission on certainconditions • İntroducingthe “qualifiedmajorityvotingbytheCouncil” in to a range of areaswhich had providedforunanimity • İnternal market, commoncustomstariff, right of establishment, services, capitalandpayments, transport, approximation of laws • AddingsomeareastotheCommunityCompetencies • Cooperation in economic and monetary union, social policy, economic and social cohesion, research and technological development and environmental policy

  9. D. TheMaastrichtTreaty (1) • Signed in Maastricht in February 1991 • Cameintoforce on 1 November 1993 • Alsocalled “TheTreaty on EuropeanUnion” • AİM: EstablishingtheEuropeanUnionunderthethreepillarstructure • Firstpillar: theCommunitiespillar (economicintegration) • supranational • Secondpillar: CommonForeignandSecuritypillar • intergovernmental • Thirdpillar: JusticeandHomeAffairs • İntergovernmental

  10. D. TheMaastrichtTreaty (2)

  11. D. TheMaastrichtTreaty (3) • Changingthe name of the EEC to EC  removingthe “economic” • Soalsochangingthe name of the EEC Treatyto EC Treaty • İncreasingthelegislativepower of the EP throughthe “co-decisionprocedure” byallowing it toblocklegislation • Givingtherighttothe EP torequesttheCommissiontoinitiatelegislationandgivingthepowertoblocktheappointment of theCommission • AcceptingtheEuropeanCourt of Auditors as one of theinstitutionsunderarticle 7 • (justliketheCouncil, Commission, Parliament, Court of Justice

  12. D. TheMaastrichtTreaty(4) Providing a time tablefortheEuropeanMonetaryUnionwasprovided + establishingtheEuropeanCentral Bank and a system of EuropeanCentralBanks + introducingthefoundationsforthesinglecurrency (EURO) EstablishingtheEuropean Ombudsman EstablishingtehCommittee of theRegions Providingtheprinciple of subsidiarity (article 5) Establishing a concept of EuropeanCitizenship(artt. 17-21): “everyperson holding thenationality of a memberstate is a citizen of theUnion”

  13. D. TheMaastrichtTreaty(5) • İncreasingthenumber of areasthataresubjecttoQualifiedMajorityVoting • F.e. Education, transport, consumeraffairs, developmentaid,…

  14. E. TheTreaty of Amsterdam (1) • Signed in 1997 • Cameintoforce on 1 May 1999 • AİM:preparetheUnionforthecomingenlargement, howeverprovedto be unsuccesful • Consolidationratherthanextension of Community • İmproveprocesses • İncreaseeffectiveness • Makethe EU morecomprehensible • Renumberingthearticles of theTreaties • Amendingandextendingtheco-decisionprocedure

  15. E. TheTreaty of Amsterdam (2) • İncorporation of a largepart of thethirdpillarintothefirstpillarandrenamedthethirdpillar “policeandjuudicialcooperation in criminalmatters” • Changingarticle 6: todeclarethattheunionwasfounded on respectforhumanrights, democracyandtherule of law • Respectforthisprinciples = a condition of applicationformembership of theUnion • İncluding a newnon-discriminationprovision (possibilitytocreatesecondarylegislationtocombatdiscriminationbased on gender,…) • Stateswereencouoragedtoworktogethertocombatunemployement • New Art. 7: providingthatiftheCouncilfinds a seriousbreach of theseprinciples (art 6) : it maysuspendsome of theState’srightsunderthatTreaty • İncluding a separatetitle on “closercooperation”

  16. F. TheTreaty of Nice • Signedinn 2001 • Cam eintoforce 2003 • AİM: PreparetheUnionforthecomingenlargement (“disappointing) • İmportantinstitutionalchanges • Weighing of votes in theCouncil • Distribution of seats in theparliament • Composition of theCommssion • Enhancingthe role of the EP byextendingthenumber of areassubjecttoco-decisionprocedure • İncreasingthepowers of theCourt of Firtİnstance + establishingjudicialpanels

  17. G. A DraftConstitution

  18. H. TheTreaty of Lisbon

  19. İ. TheFiscalCompactTreaty

  20. 2. ENLARGEMENT (WİDENİNG) (1) • 1973  1stenlargement • UK • İreland • Denmark • 1981  2nd enlargement (a) • Greece • 1986  2nd enlargement (b) • Spain • Portugal • 1995  3rd enlargement • Austria • Sweden • Finland

  21. 2. ENLARGEMENT (2) • 2004  4th enlargement (a) • CzechRepublic • Hungary • Poland • Slovakia • Slovenia • Estonia • Latvia • Lithuania • Cyprus • Malta • 2007  4th enlargement (b) • Romania • Bulgaria

  22. 2. ENLARGEMENT (3) • 2013  5th enlargement • Croatia • Candidatecountries: These countries are in the process of 'transposing' (or integrating) EU legislation into national law • Albania • Montenegro • Serbia • TheFormer Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia • Turkey • PotentialCandidatecountries:Potential candidate countries do not yet fulfil the requirements for EU membership • Bosnia-Herzegovina • Kosovo

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