ANIMAL HUSBANDRY PROJECT EuropeAid/125672/C/SER/CY

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY PROJECTEuropeAid/125672/C/SER/CY The Keeping of Animalsand Animal Welfare Training of Veterinarians MVDr. J. Holejšovský Ph.D. Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Institute of Tropics and Subtropics Lefcosa / Nicosia June 2009

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY PROJECT ANIMAL WELFARE A Perspective on the Issues of Animal Welfare

SOCIAL CONCERNS FOR ANIMALS • Animal Cruelty- abuse, misuse • Humane Care- responsible treatments • Animal Welfare – well-being, comfort • Animal Rights - freedoms of behavior

“What is so confusing” WELFARE: the state of doing well,especially in respect to good fortune, happiness, well-being, prosperity RIGHT: something to which one has just claim, via truth – privilege – or moral approval

Animal Welfare the acceptance of the responsibility for compassion and caring for the well-being of all animal species – to celebrate the bond between animals and humans, to embrace the stewardship of animals, and to accept a relationship which is mutually beneficial to all” NATIONAL ANIMAL INTEREST ALLIANCE www.naiaonline.org Welfare/Well-Being – (Swanson 1995) Dynamic definition, not static, including human judgments concerning animal use, socially accepted states of animal well-being, and the process of scientific assessment using both physiological and psychological measures

Dichotomy: Animal Welfare vs. Animal Rights • Animal Welfare: the acceptable moderate and mainstream position • Animal Rights - - - perspective of radicals, extremists, vegetarians • Emerging “middle” - - - general social thought by affluent, urban people of U.S. which have become widely separated from the natural world and agriculture, and are easily influenced by media representations; the new mainstream philosophy *Parents Magazine (survey) – 80% of public believes animals have rights

Companion Animal Paradigm • “Anthropomorphic” viewpoint – owner’s emotional attachment • Animal provides companionship, amusement, recreation • Include animals as a “dependent, obedient, child” in the family • In extreme, equate them as superior to people • Model the animal’s life according to human lifestyles • Is this the mainstream philosophy of U.S. pet owners or an extremist position of American culture?

Food Animal Production Paradigm • “Machinomorphic” viewpoint – the extreme-right of agriculture • Animal is an economic unitwithin a production system – only • An instrument of commerce, livelihood, etc. • Industrial exploitation as “units” Is this the mainstream philosophy of U.S. food animal production or an extremist position of “corporate” agriculture? Is this a by-product of lifestyle changes, societal changes, or fate?

History Animal Ethics issue began in Europe in the 1960s. Ruth Harrison’s Animal Machines Brambell Committee 1965 1993UK Farm Animal Welfare Council published the 5 new freedoms.

The Five Freedoms are: • 1. freedom from hunger and thirst • - by ready access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health and vigour; • 2. freedom from discomfort • - by providing an appropriate environment including shelter and a comfortable resting area; • 3. freedom from pain, injury or disease • - by prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment; • 4. freedom to express normal behaviour • - by providing sufficient space, proper facilities and company of the animals’own kind; • 5. freedom from fear and distress • - by ensuring conditions and treatment to avoid mental suffering.

Two Major Points of View (1) Animal Rights - the goal is ending all animal use no food, clothing, entertainment, medical research or hunting (2) Animal Welfare – demands that animals must be treated and used humanely. Animals can be used for any purpose, but the responsibility of care and humane treatment lies with the human

ANIMAL WELFARE THEORY Animal welfare is the theory which maintains that it is morally acceptable to use nonhuman animals for human purposes as long as they are treated humanely and do not impose unnecessary suffering on them. The goal of animal welfare is the regulation of animal use.

ANIMAL RIGHTS THEORY The animal rights theory maintains that we have no moral justification for using nonhuman animals for human purposes however humanely we treat them.n The goal of animal rights activists is to abolish the use of animals.

ISSUES Animal Cruelty is against the Law! Difficult Topic, No Easy Answers Very Political Animal Rights vs. Animal Welfare

How Animals are used Animals for meat Animals for milk Animals for fiber Animals for pharmaceutical production (live) Animals for pharmaceutical production (organs) Animals for research Animals for companionship Animals for exhibition Other?

CATTLE 1. Management practices a. branding b. dehorning c. castration d. ear tagging/marking 2. Dairy Industry a. BST (Bovine Somatotropin) b. Genetics (bio-engineering) c. Calf rearing (confinement) d. Veal production (abuses)

Sheep Castration Ear tagging/marking Docking d. Shearing

POULTRY 1. Confinement production a. caged laying hens b. large scale broiler 2. Production 3. Force molting 4. Beak Trimming

Companion Animals Animal Cruelty Neglect Abuse Pet Shops Puppy mills Fighting

ANIMAL WELFAREin World and in Europe

Council of Europe • founded in 1949 • a political intergovernmental organisation with permanent headquarters in Strasbourg • Groups together 46 countries and has applications from two more countries • Has granted observer status to 5 more countries

Council of Europe The Council of Europe was set up to: • Defend human rights, parliamentary democracy and the rule of law • Develop continent-wide agreements to standardise member countries’ social and legal practices • Promote awareness of a European identity based on shared values and cutting across different cultures

Council of Europeactivities in the field of animal welfare In the 1960’esthe Council of Europe responded to the growingconcerns of European citizens in the area of animal welfare, and the elaboration of conventions on the protection of animals in different situations was initiated The first progresswas aimed at a better protection of animals during international transport Thus the conventions elaborated by the Council of Europe became the first international legal instruments laying down animal welfare based principles for transport of animals, the slaughter of animals, for their use as farm animals, for experimental purposes and as pets

Council of Europeactivities in the field of animal welfare • European Convention for theProtection of Animals during International Transport (1968)– a revised Convention was opened for signature in November 2003 • European Convention for theProtection of Animals kept for Farming Purposes (1976)– a Protocol of amendment was opened for signature in 1992, but has not yet entered into force • European Convention for theProtection of Animals for Slaughter (1979) • European Conventionfor theProtection of Vertebrate Animals used forExperimental and other Scientific Purposes (1986) • European Convention for theProtection of Pet Animals (1987)

Council of Europe ConventionRatification by Member states • all Member States have ratified the European Conventionforthe Protection of Animals Kept for Farming PurposesCommunity has also approvedthis Convention byDecision 78/923/EEC • Community, as a contracting party, must give effect to theprincipleslaid down in the Convention; • Those principles include the provision of housing, food, waterand care appropriate to the physiological and ethological needs of theanimals, in accordance with established experience and scientificknowledge;

Member States of the EU andAnimal Welfare Legislation RegardingPET ANIMALSWELFARE • CoE Conventions are respected and applied x Regarding FARM ANIMALS WELFARE • EU Directives(of the Council of the European Union) are applied

COUNCIL DIRECTIVES ONPROTECTION OF FARM ANIMALS • COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 98/58/ECof 20 July 1998 concerning the protection of animals kept for farming purposes • COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 91/629/EECof 19 November 1991 laying down minimum standards for the protection of calves as amended by COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 2008/119/EC of 18 December 2008 (Codified version) • COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 1999/74/ECof 19 July 1999 laying down minimum standards for the protection of laying hens • COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 2007/43/EC of 28 June 2007 laying down minimum rules for the protection of chickens kept for meat production • COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 1/2005 of 22 December 2004 on the protection of animals during transport and related operations and amending Directives 64/432/EEC and 93/119/EC and Regulation (EC) No 1255/97 • COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 93/119/ECof 22 December 1993 on the protection of animals at the time of slaughter or killing

The Keeping of Animalsand Animal Welfare • There is therefore a need to establishcommon minimum standards fortheprotection of animals kept for farming purposes in orderto ensure rational development of production and to facilitatethe organisationof the market in animals;

The Keeping of Animalsand Animal Welfare • Article 1 ( 98/58/EC) • 1. This Directive lays down minimum standards for the protection ofanimals bred or kept for farming purposes.

The Keeping of Animalsand Animal Welfare • 2. It shall not apply to: • (a) animals living in the wild; • (b) animals intended for use in competitions, shows, cultural orsporting events or activities; • (c) experimental or laboratory animals; • (d) any invertebrate animal.

The Keeping of Animalsand Animal Welfare • Article 2 : for the purpose of this directive the following expressions mean? • 1.”animal”: any animal (including fish, reptiles, or amphibians) bred or kept for production of food, wool, skin or for the other farming purposes • 2. ‘owner’ or ‘keeper’:any natural or legal person or persons responsiblefor or in charge of animals whether on a permanent ortemporary basis;

The Keeping of Animalsand Animal Welfare • 3. ‘competent authority’:the competent veterinary authority(within the meaningof Article 2(6) of Council Directive 90/425/EEC of 26 June 1990)concerning veterinary and zootechnical checks applicable in intra-community trade in certain live animals and products with a viewto the completion of the internal market (4).

The Keeping of Animalsand Animal Welfare • Article 3 • Member States shall make provision to ensure that the owners orkeepers take all reasonable steps to ensure the welfare of animalsundertheir care and to ensure that those animals are not causedanyunnecessarypain, suffering or injury.

The Keeping of Animalsand Animal Welfare • Article 4 • Members States shall ensure that the conditions under which animals(other than fish, reptiles or amphibians) are bred or kept, having regardto their species and to their degree of development, adaptation anddomestication, and to their physiological and ethological needs inaccordance with established experience and scientific knowledge,comply with the provisions set out in the Annex.

The Keeping of Animalsand Animal Welfare • Article 6 • 1. Member States shall ensure that inspections are carried out by thecompetent authority to check compliance with the provisions of thisDirective. Such inspections may be carried out at the same time aschecks for other purposes.

The Keeping of Animalsand Animal Welfare • Article 7 • 1. Whenever uniform application of the requirements of this Directiverenders it necessary, veterinary experts from the Commission may,in conjunction with the competent authorities; • (a) verify that the Member States are complying with the said requirements; • (b) make on-the-spot checks to ensure that the checks are carried out inaccordance with this Directive.

The Keeping of Animalsand AnimalWelfare • ANNEX • Staffing • 1. Animals shall becared for by a sufficient number of staff who possess theappropriate ability, knowledge and professional competence.

The Keeping of Animalsand Animal Welfare • Inspection • 2. All animals keptin husbandry systems in which their welfare depends onfrequent human attention shall be inspected at least once a day. Animals inother systems shall be inspected at intervals sufficient to avoid any suffering. • 3. Adequate lighting (fixed or portable) shall be available to enable the animalsto be thoroughly inspected at any time.

The Keeping of Animalsand Animal Welfare • 4. Any animal which appears to be ill or injured must be cared for appropriatelywithout delay and, where an animal does not respond to such care, veterinaryadvice must be obtained as soon as possible. Where necessary sick or injuredanimals shall be isolated in suitable accomodation with, where appropriate,dry comfortable bedding.

The Keeping of Animalsand Animal Welfare • Record keeping • 5. The owner or keeper ofthe animals shall maintain a record of any medicinaltreatment given and of the number of mortalities found to each inspection. • Where equivalent information is required to be kept for other purposes, thisshall also suffice for the purposes of this Directive. • 6. These recordsshall be retained for a period of at least three years and shallbe made available to the competent authority when carrying out an inspectionor when otherwise requested.

The Keeping of Animalsand Animal Welfare • Freedom of movement • 7. The freedom of movement of an animal, havingregard to its species and inaccordance with established experience and scientific knowledge, must notbe restricted in such a way as to cause it unnecessary suffering or injury. • Where an animal is continuously or regularly tethered or confined, it must begiven the space appropriate to its physiological and ethological needs inaccordance with established experience and scientific knowledge.

The Keeping of Animalsand Animal Welfare • Buildings and accommodation • 8. Materials to be used forthe construction of accommodation, and in particularfor the construction of pens an equipment with which the animalsmay come into contact, must not be harmful to the animals and must becapable of being throughly cleaned and disinfected. • 9. Accommodation and fittingsfor securing animals shall be constructed andmaintained so that there are no sharp edges or protrusions likely to causeinjury to the animals.

The Keeping of Animalsand Animal Welfare • 10. Air circulation,dust levels, temperature, relative air humidity and gasconcentrations must be kept within limits which are not harmful to theanimals. • 11. Animals kept in buildingsmust not be kept either in permanent darkness orwithout an appropriate period of rest from artificial lighting. Where thenatural light available is insufficient to meet the physiological and ethologicalneeds of the animals, appropriate artificial lighting must be provided.

The Keeping of Animalsand Animal Welfare Animals not kept in buildings • 12.Animals not kept in buildingsshall where necessary and possible be givenprotection from adverse weather conditions, predators and risks to theirhealth.

The Keeping of Animalsand Animal Welfare • Automatic or mechanical equipment • 13. All automated or mechanical equipmentessential for the health and wellbeingof the animals must be inspected at least once daily. • Where defectsare discovered,these must be rectified immediately, or if this is impossible,appropriate steps must be taken to safeguard the health and well-being ofthe animals.

The Keeping of Animalsand Animal Welfare • Where the health and well-being of the animals is dependent on an artificialventilation system, provision must be made for an appropriate backupsystem to guarantee sufficient air renewal to preserve the health and wellbeingof the animals in the event of failure of the system, and an alarmsystem must be provided to give warning of breakdown. • The alarm systemmust be tested regularly.

The Keeping of Animalsand Animal Welfare • Feed, water and other substances • 14. Animals must be fed a wholesome dietwhich is appropriate to their age andspecies and which is fed to them in sufficient quantity to maintain them ingood health and satisfy their nutritional needs. No animal shall be providedwith food or liquid in a manner, nor shall such food or liquid contain anysubstance, which may cause unnecessary suffering or injury.

The Keeping of Animalsand Animal Welfare • 15. All animals must have access to feed at intervals appropriate to theirphysiological needs. • 16. All animals must have access to a suitable watersupply or be able to satisfytheir fluid intake needs by other means.

The Keeping of Animalsand Animal Welfare • 17. Feeding and watering equipmentmust be designed, constructed and placedso that contamination of food and water and the harmful effects of competitionbetween the animals are minimised.

The Keeping of Animalsand Animal Welfare • 18. No other substance, with the exception of those given for therapeutic, orprophylactic purposes or for the purposes of zootechnical treatment asdefined in Article 1(2)(c) of Directive 96/22/EEC (1), must be administeredto an animal unless it has been demonstrated by scientific studies of animalwelfare or established experience that the effect of that substance is notdetrimental to the health or welfare of the animal.

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY PROJECT EuropeAid/125672/C/SER/CY