Kinesiology and Physical Education KPE 161

1. Kinesiology and Physical Education KPE 161 In order to begin, it is important to understand what we mean by the terms we will be discussing. The following are some definitions that may aid in this process.

2. Kinesiology What is kinesiology? Historically it was associated with anatomical and mechanical basis of human movement in sport, athletic training, dance and adaptive activities. Today it is used to describe a programme of study covering the sciences of human movement.

3. Sport What is the definition of Sport? An activity that involves physical movement, competition, rules and skill.

4. Leisure What is the definition of leisure? Leisure is simply the free-time , that is, the time that an individual has to dispose of in whatever way he or she sees fit. The Oxford English Dictionary definition says Leisure is free-time; time at ones disposal.

5. Physical Education (PE) What is PE? Physical education is education of, about, and through the physical. The most widely accepted model of Physical Education today is the �developmental� design, which came from the progressive education movement of the first half the twentieth century. This model emphasizes fitness, skill, knowledge and social development Siedentop (1994). One of the longer lasting definitions comes from Jesse Fiering Williams (1964) who said; �Physical education is the sum of man�s physical activities selected as to kind, and conducted as to outcomes.�

6. PE Continued This definition is developed by John H. Jenny (1961), who said, � The unique contribution that physical education has to make to general education is that of general body development through physical activity. When this physical activity is guided by competent teachers so that the other general outcomes of education accompany the physical activity, then, and only then, does the physical activity become more than physical culture or physical training. The following definition by Harold M. Barrow 1983 relates Physical Education to other areas of the curriculum. Physical education may be defined as � an education of and through human movement where many of the educational objectives are achieved by means of big-muscle activities involving sports, games, gymnastics, dance and exercise� This value becomes one of many values of the liberally educated person, and it has meaning only when it is related to the totality of the individuals life.�

7. PE continued Despite the many definitions a common thread is found in them all: Physical Education is conducted through physical means; that is, some sort of physical activity or some type of movement is involved. Physical activity is usually (though not always) moderately vigorous; it is concerned with gross motor movements; and the skills involved do not have to be very finely developed or of high quality for benefits to be gained. Although the student gains these benefits by a physical process, the educational benefits for the student include improvements in physical areas such as intellectual, social, and aesthetic growth; that is, the cognitive and affective domains.

8. PE definition Therefore Physical Education uses physical means to develop each person�s whole being. Earlier we defined sport and play / leisure. Physical Education has both play and sport, and is a combination of the two.

9. PE and allied areas Allied areas: Health, recreation and dance. Health educators are not always teachers but they are concerned with education and physical well being, although the means by which they educate are not physical. Health education is most often used in the sense of the total health-related fitness of the person: physically, mentally, emotionally, and socially.

10. Recreation and dance allied areas of PE Activities are selected by individuals in their leisure time to serve as a constructive nature, including physical, mental and socially healthy use of time. Perhaps the term re-creation or revitalization of the body and mind is a useful definition from the stresses of daily life. Dance is definitely part of physical education, but it is also closely allied to the arts. Most dance programs are with the arts performance programs today.

11. Questions Write down three key components you would include in your PE programme. Should athletes be paid to compete? Use the previous definitions to support your answer. How do the sporting and fitness opportunities today differ from those of your parents and grandparents era?

12. Philosophy What is the definition of philosophy? A definition of philosophy is given by J. J. C. Smart, which says, �Philosophy is primarily concerned with what there is in the world and what we ought to do about it, and to be able to think clearly and comprehensively on these matters.�

13. Science Science is � Science comes from the Latin "scientia," meaning knowledge. Science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge. This system uses observation and experimentation to describe and explain natural phenomena. Science is based upon experimental observations and quantitative measurements.

14. Scientific method Most scientific investigations use some form of the scientific method. Scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring new knowledge, as well as for correcting and integrating previous knowledge. It is based on gathering observable, empirical, measurable evidence, subject to the principles of reasoning.

15. Scientific method involves � The scientific method involves the following basic facets: Observation. A constant feature of scientific inquiry. Description. Information must be reliable, i.e., replicable (repeatable) as well as valid (relevant to the inquiry). Prediction. Information must be valid for observations past, present, and future of given phenomena, i.e., purported "one shot" phenomena do not give rise to the capability to predict, nor to the ability to repeat an experiment.

16. continued Control. Actively and fairly sampling the range of possible occurrences, whenever possible and proper, as opposed to the passive acceptance of opportunistic data, is the best way to control or counterbalance the risk of empirical bias. Falsifiability, or the elimination of plausible alternatives. This is a gradual process that requires repeated experiments by multiple researchers who must be able to replicate results in order to corroborate them. This requirement, one of the most frequently contended, leads to the following: All hypotheses and theories are in principle subject to disproof. Thus, there is a point at which there might be a consensus about a particular hypothesis or theory, yet it must in principle remain tentative. As a body of knowledge grows and a particular hypothesis or theory repeatedly brings predictable results, confidence in the hypothesis or theory increases.

17. continued Causal explanation. Many scientists and theorists on scientific method argue that concepts of causality are not obligatory to science, but are in fact well-defined only under particular, admittedly widespread conditions. Under these conditions the following requirements are generally regarded as important to scientific understanding: Identification of causes. Identification of the causes of a particular phenomenon to the best achievable extent. Covariation of events. The hypothesized causes must correlate with observed effects. Time-order relationship. The hypothesized causes must precede the observed effects in time.

18. The scientist�s work-life 1. Define the question 2. Gather information and resources 3. Form hypothesis 4. Perform experiment and collect data 5. Analyze data 6. Interpret data and draw conclusions that serve as a starting point for new hypotheses 7. Publish results The iterative cycle inherent in this step-by-step methodology goes from point 3 to 6 back to 3 again.

19. The scientist�s research Two main types of study for experimental designs are typically conducted: cross sectional and longitudinal studies. The fundamental difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal studies is that cross-sectional studies take place at a single point in time and that a longitudinal study involves a series of measurements taken over a period of time.

20. Kinesiology�s sub-disciplines Sociology of sport Sports psychology Motor learning Biomechanics Exercise physiology Adaptive PE Sport Pedagogy Health & Wellness/Health Promotion/Nutrition

21. Preliminary thoughts Why do we have sub-disciplines? Is there a hierarchy to the disciplines, if so, can you draw one out? Is there anything missing within our sub-divisions? The person (psych/social/spiritual)-motor learning-biomechanics-exercise physiology The person (psych/social/spiritual)-motor learning-biomechanics-exercise physiology

22. Sociology of sport Study of sport from the perspective of social interaction Sport as a social institution Socialization into and through sport Issues of social stratification COURSES KPE 161 Intro to Kinesiology KPE 261 � Sociocultural Aspects of Physical Activity & Sport

23. Sport psychology Application of psychology to issues and problems in the field of sport Psychology � study of human behaviour Psychology interventions to improve performance of the athlete Relaxation training Mental imaging Coping strategies

24. Sport psychology KPE 266 � Exercise & Sport Psychology KPE 366 � Applied Counselling Skills for Fitness Professionals KPE 466 � Psychological Skills for Sport and Life

25. Sport psychology Do pre-game pep talks help to psych up a player or team? Is choking a psychological problem? Why do certain athletes participate in high-risk sports? Do wrestlers have personalities different from those of tennis players?

26. Sport psychology Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport Journal of Applied Sport Psychology The Journal of Sport Behavior Sociology of Sport Journal www.nasss.org www.caaws.ca www.naspspa.org

27. Motor learning Blend of biomechanics, physiology and psychology Motor Learning � understanding the processes through which motor skills are developed and the factors that facilitate or inhibit skill development Motor Control � understanding how motor skills are actually executed and what factors lead to the breakdown of such skills

28. Motor learning . Motor Development � understanding the hereditary basis of motor development and the environmental factors that facilitate or inhibit such development 4. Adapted Physical Activity � Pathology and etiology of varying disabilities � how activities can be adapted to suit

29. Motor learning KPE 268 � Intro to Learning and Control KPE 365 � Physical Growth and Motor Development KPE 368 � Advanced Motor Learning and Control KPE 465 � Adapted Physical Activity

30. Goals for motor behaviour To understand how motor skills are learned Processes � feedback and improvement Response selection and efficiency Understand how motor skills are controlled Analyze mechanism in body movement Explain and understand environmental and individual factors affecting response and execution of movement Understand how learning and control of motor skills change across the lifespan How does learning and control change over childhood Deteriorate with age?

31. Motor learning Journal of Motor Behavior Journal of Human Movement Studies Motor Control Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly http://www.ifapa.biz

32. Biomechanics Biomechanics is the area of study wherein the knowledge and methods of mechanics are applied to the structure and function of the living human system. The mechanical knowledge is divided into statics (nonmoving systems) and dynamics (systems in motion). The area of dynamics further subdivides into kinematics (study of time and space factors in motion) and kinetcis (study of forces).

33. Biomechanics Related disciplines: Biology Ergonomics Engineering Physiology Medicine (eg. orthopedic surgeons) Physical therapists

34. Biomechanics KPE 170 - Human Anatomy KPE 215 � Intro to Biomechanics KPE 315 � Advanced Biomechanics With strong base in physics and mathematics Journals: Journal of Biomechanics Sports Biomechanics International Journal of Sport Biomechanics http://www.ace-ergocanada.ca/index.php?

35. Exercise physiology Studies the functioning of the human body under the stress of exercise Uses both physics and exercise to figure out how the body responds to movement Study of these activities in animals under the stress of exercise Sport physiology � the application of physiological concepts to the training of athletes

36. Goals of Exercise physiology Use exercise to understand human physiology Use physiology to understand human movement Use physiology to improve sport performance Use physiology to improve physical fitness Us physiology to understand the health benefits of physical activity

37. Exercise physiology KPE 163-Biodynamics of Physical Activity KPE 170-Human Anatomy KPE 270/370-Human Physiology I/II KPE 362-Theoretical Exercise Physiology KPE 363- Lab Based Exercise Physiology KPE 462-Advanced Fitness Testing & Exercise Prescription KPE 463-Therapeutic Exercise KPE 480 - Pathophysiology

38. Exercise physiology Basic Research E.g. Environmental effects on exercise Altitude Pollutants and exercise function Regulatory responses to exercise under conditions of high heat or humidity Disease and Health How does exercise affect disease such as diabetes, CAD and cancer? Clinical Research E.g. Rehabilitation What factors influence the exercise progression in patients with CV events? How can a muscle be best rehabilitated after trauma What roles does exercise play in treating depression?

39. Exercise physiology Organizations Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology (CSEP � www.csep.ca) American College of Sports Medicine (ASCM � www.acsm.org) American Society for Exercise Physiology (ASEP � www.css.edu/users.tboone2/asep.toc.html) Canadian Journal of Exercise Physiology Journal of Applied Physiology The Exercise and Sports Sciences Reviews Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise (ACSM) The Physician and Sports Medicine

40. Health Promotion Health promotion is the science and art of helping people change their lifestyle toward a state of optimal health Health and Wellness Community Health Population Health Public Health � Education and Awareness

41. Health Promotion KPE 160 KPE 360 KPE 451 Organizations WHO Health Canada Stats Canada Pan American Health Organization Canadian Institute for Health Research Centre for Disease Control National Center for Chronic Disease Public Health Agency of Canada National Centre for chronic disease prevention and health promotion Center for Health Promotion

42. Adaptive PE The term (physical education) means development of: (A) physical and motor fitness; (B) fundamental motor skills and patterns, and (C) skills in aquatics, dance, individual and group games and sports (including intramural and lifetime sports The Adapted Physical Educator is an educationally trained professional who is able to assess individual students and develop, adapt and implement specialized physical education programs in the motor domain.

43. Other useful Kinesiology contacts http://www.bcak.bc.ca/ www.cka.ca www.bcrpa.bc.ca www.sportmedbc.com www.cahperd.ca

44. Questions Write down your definition of the scientific method and why you think science is useful or harmful to sport? Having reviewed the previous sub-disciplines of kinesiology do you think it is helpful to sub-divide the teaching or present information as a whole in the form of topics, such as injury or strength development?