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Sequence Labeling

Sequence Labeling. Raymond J. Mooney University of Texas at Austin. Beyond Classification Learning. Standard classification problem assumes individual cases are disconnected and independent (i.i.d.: independently and identically distributed).

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Sequence Labeling

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  1. Sequence Labeling Raymond J. Mooney University of Texas at Austin

  2. Beyond Classification Learning • Standard classification problem assumes individual cases are disconnected and independent (i.i.d.: independently and identically distributed). • Many NLP problems do not satisfy this assumption and involve making many connected decisions, each resolving a different ambiguity, but which are mutually dependent. • More sophisticated learning and inference techniques are needed to handle such situations in general.

  3. foo bar blam zonk zonk bar blam Sequence Labeling Problem • Many NLP problems can viewed as sequence labeling. • Each token in a sequence is assigned a label. • Labels of tokens are dependent on the labels of other tokens in the sequence, particularly their neighbors (not i.i.d).

  4. Part Of Speech Tagging • Annotate each word in a sentence with a part-of-speech. • Lowest level of syntactic analysis. • Useful for subsequent syntactic parsing and word sense disambiguation. John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. PN V Det N Con V Part V Pro Prep Det N

  5. Information Extraction • Identify phrases in language that refer to specific types of entities and relations in text. • Named entity recognition is task of identifying names of people, places, organizations, etc. in text. peopleorganizationsplaces • Michael Dell is the CEO of Dell Computer Corporation and lives in Austin Texas. • Extract pieces of information relevant to a specific application, e.g. used car ads: makemodelyearmileageprice • For sale, 2002ToyotaPrius, 20,000 mi, $15K or best offer. Available starting July 30, 2006.

  6. Semantic Role Labeling • For each clause, determine the semantic role played by each noun phrase that is an argument to the verb. agent patientsourcedestinationinstrument • John drove Mary from Austin to Dallas in his Toyota Prius. • The hammer broke the window. • Also referred to a “case role analysis,” “thematic analysis,” and “shallow semantic parsing”

  7. Bioinformatics • Sequence labeling also valuable in labeling genetic sequences in genome analysis. extron intron • AGCTAACGTTCGATACGGATTACAGCCT

  8. Sequence Labeling as Classification • Classify each token independently but use as input features, information about the surrounding tokens (sliding window). John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier PN

  9. Sequence Labeling as Classification • Classify each token independently but use as input features, information about the surrounding tokens (sliding window). John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier V

  10. Sequence Labeling as Classification • Classify each token independently but use as input features, information about the surrounding tokens (sliding window). John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier Det

  11. Sequence Labeling as Classification • Classify each token independently but use as input features, information about the surrounding tokens (sliding window). John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier N

  12. Sequence Labeling as Classification • Classify each token independently but use as input features, information about the surrounding tokens (sliding window). John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier Conj

  13. Sequence Labeling as Classification • Classify each token independently but use as input features, information about the surrounding tokens (sliding window). John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier V

  14. Sequence Labeling as Classification • Classify each token independently but use as input features, information about the surrounding tokens (sliding window). John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier Part

  15. Sequence Labeling as Classification • Classify each token independently but use as input features, information about the surrounding tokens (sliding window). John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier V

  16. Sequence Labeling as Classification • Classify each token independently but use as input features, information about the surrounding tokens (sliding window). John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier Pro

  17. Sequence Labeling as Classification • Classify each token independently but use as input features, information about the surrounding tokens (sliding window). John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier Prep

  18. Sequence Labeling as Classification • Classify each token independently but use as input features, information about the surrounding tokens (sliding window). John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier Det

  19. Sequence Labeling as Classification • Classify each token independently but use as input features, information about the surrounding tokens (sliding window). John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier N

  20. Sequence Labeling as ClassificationUsing Outputs as Inputs • Better input features are usually the categories of the surrounding tokens, but these are not available yet. • Can use category of either the preceding or succeeding tokens by going forward or back and using previous output.

  21. Forward Classification John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier N

  22. Forward Classification PN John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier V

  23. Forward Classification PN V John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier Det

  24. Forward Classification PN V Det John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier N

  25. Forward Classification PN V Det N John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier Conj

  26. Forward Classification PN V Det N Conj John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier V

  27. Forward Classification PN V Det N Conj V John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier Part

  28. Forward Classification PN V Det N Conj V Part John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier V

  29. Forward Classification PN V Det N Conj V Part V John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier Pro

  30. Forward Classification PN V Det N Conj V Part V Pro John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier Prep

  31. Forward Classification PN V Det N Conj V Part V Pro Prep John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier Det

  32. Forward Classification PN V Det N Conj V Part V Pro Prep Det John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier N

  33. Backward Classification • Disambiguating “to” in this case would be even easier backward. John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier N

  34. Backward Classification • Disambiguating “to” in this case would be even easier backward. N John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier Det

  35. Backward Classification • Disambiguating “to” in this case would be even easier backward. Det N John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier Prep

  36. Backward Classification • Disambiguating “to” in this case would be even easier backward. Prep Det N John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier Pro

  37. Backward Classification • Disambiguating “to” in this case would be even easier backward. Pro Prep Det N John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier V

  38. Backward Classification • Disambiguating “to” in this case would be even easier backward. V Pro Prep Det N John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier Part

  39. Backward Classification • Disambiguating “to” in this case would be even easier backward. Part V Pro Prep Det N John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier V

  40. Backward Classification • Disambiguating “to” in this case would be even easier backward. V Part V Pro Prep Det N John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier Conj

  41. Backward Classification • Disambiguating “to” in this case would be even easier backward. Conj V Part V Pro Prep Det N John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier V

  42. Backward Classification • Disambiguating “to” in this case would be even easier backward. V Conj V Part V Pro Prep Det N John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier Det

  43. Backward Classification • Disambiguating “to” in this case would be even easier backward. Det V Conj V Part V Pro Prep Det N John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier V

  44. Backward Classification • Disambiguating “to” in this case would be even easier backward. V Det V Conj V Part V Pro Prep Det N John saw the saw and decided to take it to the table. classifier PN

  45. Features for Token Classification • Token Features: encodes properties of the current token itself. • Local Features: encodes features of the local context surrounding the current token. • Global Features: encodes information about the occurrence of the current token elsewhere in the document. • Gazetteer Features: encodes information about the current token appearing in databases of known entity names.

  46. Problems with Sequence Labeling as Classification • Not easy to integrate information from category of tokens on both sides. • Difficult to propagate uncertainty between decisions and “collectively” determine the most likely joint assignment of categories to all of the tokens in a sequence.

  47. Probabilistic Sequence Models • Probabilistic sequence models allow integrating uncertainty over multiple, interdependent classifications and collectively determine the most likely global assignment. • Two standard models • Hidden Markov Model (HMM) • Conditional Random Field (CRF)

  48. Markov Model / Markov Chain • A finite state machine with probabilistic state transitions. • Makes Markov assumption that next state only depends on the current state and independent of previous history.

  49. Sample Markov Model for POS 0.05 0.1 Noun Det 0.5 0.95 0.9 stop Verb 0.05 0.25 0.1 PropNoun 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.25 0.1 start

  50. Sample Markov Model for POS 0.05 0.1 Noun Det 0.5 0.95 0.9 stop Verb 0.05 0.25 0.1 PropNoun 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.25 0.1 start P(PropNoun Verb Det Noun) = 0.4*0.8*0.25*0.95*0.1=0.0076

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